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Microbiology > LP4 Mycology > Flashcards

LP4 Mycology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mycology

A

The study of fungi

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2
Q

Fungi

A

Large and diverse over 70000 species (They are yeasts, filamentous molds, mushrooms and puff balls).
Fungi are saprophytes, parasitic, and eukaryotic organisms.

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3
Q

Saprophyte

A

feed on and decomposed dead organic material

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4
Q

4 Fungal Significances

A

1) Environmental decomposers
2) Utilize fermentation process to produce gases, alcohols and acids in beer, wine, cheese and bread
3) Provide antibiotics
4) Can be pathogenic

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5
Q

Mycosis

A

Fungal infection

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6
Q

4 Routes of Fungal Transmission

A

1) inhalation of spores
2) Introduction of fungal elements into tissue via trauma
3) Environmental exposure (i.e. homes, gyms)
4) Person to person is extremely rare

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7
Q

4 Phases of Fungal Growth in Yeast

A

1) Yeast are oval/spherical shaped fungal cell
2) Grow at 37 C
3) Reproduce by simple budding to form Blastocondia
4) Colonies are moist or mucoid

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8
Q

6 Phases of Fungal Growth in Molds

A

1) Multicellular fungus
2) Filamentous (fuzzy or velvet)
3) Reproduce by spores or conidia
4) Conidia are borne on special sporulation structures
5) Identified by morphology of spores and arrangement of hyphae

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9
Q

Conidium/Conidia

A

Spores or seeds of molds

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10
Q

Hypha/Hyphae

A

Individual filaments of molds

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11
Q

Mycelium/Mycelia

A

1) Interconnected mass of hyphae
2) Arial mycelia grow above substrate
3) Vegetative hyphae grows below substrate and absorbs nutrients (Why you should not just cut mold away on cheese.)

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12
Q

Septa

A

Cross walls found in hyphal cells of most fungi. Pores in the septa allow cytoplasm and nuclei to pass between cells.

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13
Q

Dimorphism

A

Fungi can exist as a yeast at 37 C and a mold at 25 C.

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14
Q

Opportunists

A

An organism that does not ordinarily cause disease but if conditions are right it will give rise to disease.

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15
Q

4 Clinical Groupings for Fungal Mycoses

A

1) cutaneous mycoses (hair, skin, nails)
2) subcutaneous mycoses (tissue, muscle and bone)
3) systemic mycoses (multiple organ systems)
4) opportunistic mycoses (immunocompromised)

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16
Q

3 Species of Medically Important Subcutaneous Fungal Infections

A

1) Sporothrix schenckii
2) Nocardia species
3) Actinomyces species

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17
Q

5 Species of Medically Important Opportunistic Fungal Infections

A

1) Candida species
2) Aspergillus species
3) Rhizopus species
4) Mucor species
5) Absidia species

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18
Q

3 Species of Medically Important Cutaneous Fungal Infections

A

1) Epidermophyton species
2) Trichophyton species
3) Microsporan species

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19
Q

4 Species of Medically Important Systemic Fungal Infections

A

1) Coccidioides immitis
2) Histoplasm capsulatum
3) Blastomyces dermatitidis
4) Cryptococcus neoformans

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20
Q

3 Keys to Fungal Identification

A

1) Clinical information- site of infection, appearance of lesion, travel?
2) Culture characteristics- surface texture, pigmentation
3) Microscopic evaluation of fungal elements- morphology of microconidia, macroconidia and hyphae, ID of sporulation structures

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21
Q

Specimens and Tools for Culturing Fungi

A

1) Specimens- skin, hair, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, drainage from lesions
2) Tools- Sabouraud’s Agar (SDA)- selective for fungi, high sugar, low pH with antibiotics to prevent bacteria from growing
3) Fungal smear/stains- use microscope
a) 10% KOH- denatures protein, visible fungal agents
b) Lactophenol Blue- use tape to capture fungal elements, drop on slide of Lactophenol blue, roll tape back and examine

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22
Q

Conidia Fungal Elements

A

1) microconidia- small sac on small stalk rising above mycelium
2) macroconidia- large segmented sac on a longer stalk rising above mycelium

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23
Q

4 Systemic Mycoses

A

1) Coccidioidomycosis
2) Histoplasmosis
3) Blastomycosis
4) Cryptococcosis

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24
Q

Coccidioidomycosis

A

caused by Coccidioides immitis

25
Q

Hyphae Fungal Elements

A

Septate and Aseptate

26
Q

Septate

A

is to describe hyphae with cross walls.

27
Q

Aseptate

A

is used to describe hyphae that lack cross walls.

28
Q

Trichophyton species

A

Can cause ringworm, have both microconidia, macroconidia and septated hyphae

29
Q

Sporangiosphore

A

Stalk of the sporangium- looks like the stalk of a dandelion

30
Q

Sporangium

A

The spore structure on top of the sporangiosphore- looks like the seed head of a dandelion

31
Q

Microsporum species

A

Can cause ringworm, have microconidia, macroconidia on short conidiophores (stalks)

32
Q

Epidermophyton species

A

Can cause ringworm, have macroconidia in clusters

33
Q

Sporothrix schneckii (Rose Gardener’s Disease)

A

Causes Sporotrichosis from trauma to the skin by a rose thorn, sporulation structure in rosette formation, microconidia, septate hyphae and dimorphic

34
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, prevalent in central US/Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys, inhalation of bird and bat droppings, mimics TB, tuberculate macroconidia, microconidia and septate hyphae, dimorphic

35
Q

Blastomycosis

A

Caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis, prevalent in central/SW US. transmission is inhalation of spores or penetration of skin, mimics TB, wide-based yeast cells, dimorphic

36
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Causes Cryptococcosis, transmission by inhalation of soil with Pigeon droppings, exist only as a yeast, selective on Birdseed agar (Candida wont grow on BSA), basidium, basidiospores and capsule (halo). NOT dimorphic.

37
Q

Maduromycosis (Madura Foot)

A

Caused by Nocardia sp. (Acid Fast positive-red) and Actinomyces sp. (Acid Fast negative blue)

38
Q

Actinomyces species

A

Fungus-like bacteria causes Maduromycosis, Modified Acid Fast negative (blue)

39
Q

Nocardia species

A

Fungus like bacteria that causes Maduromycosis, Modified Acid Fast positive (red)

40
Q

Chest x-ray

A

The diagnostic tool to rule out TB vs. a fungal infection (Histoplasmosis and Blastomycosis)

41
Q

Basidiospores

A

The sacs contain spores that are on top of the basidium in Cryptococcus neoformans

42
Q

Basidium

A

Stalk which basidiospores (spores) grow from in Cryptococcus neoformans

43
Q

Conjugation

A

form of sexual reproduction in fungi.

44
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum

A

cause Histoplasmosis and can be identified by tuberculate macroconidia and microconidia with septate hyphae

45
Q

India Ink Stain

A

Identifies the capsule production from Cryptococcus neoformans

46
Q

Modified Acid Fast Stain

A

Used to identify the difference between Actinomyces (positive-red)and Nocardia (negative-blue) species in subcutaneous mycosis that causes Madura foot.

47
Q

Thrush

A

White film on tongue caused by Candida albicans

48
Q

Candida albicans

A

A yeast that causes thrush or Candidiasis. Candida can be identified by pseudohyphae, chlamydospores and a germ-tube after 2 hours of incubation in serum. Gram stain positive (blue)

49
Q

Chlamydospores

A

Candida albicans can form these during adverse environmental conditions to ensure survival (similar to endospores in bacteria).

50
Q

Pseudohyphae

A

Found in Candida species is the septate hyphae that the chlamydospores can rest on on in the middle or on the ends.

51
Q

Germ tube

A

A short outgrowth, aseptate hyphal structure that is produced after 2 hours of incubation in serum. Germ-tubes are considered positive for Candida albicans.

52
Q

Candidiasis

A

Disease cause by Candida albicans, a yeast.

53
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus

A

A fungi that can cause Farmer’s lung or Aspergillosis. A. fumigatus has a large sporolation structure (conidiospores) that is supported by the stalk (conidia).

54
Q

Farmer’s Lung

A

Caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Aspergillosis invades the lung, wounds, burns, cornea or external ear. Impaired immune system or use of antibiotics may facilitate the infection.

55
Q

Penicillin

A

An antibiotic that is produced by Penicillium species.

56
Q

Mucor species

A

Can cause Mucormycosis, invades the gastrointestinal tract, skin and nasal-facial-cranial area. Aseptate hyphae, sporangiophores, sporangium, no rhizoids (roots).

57
Q

Rhizopius species

A

Can cause Mucormycosis, invades the gastrointestinal tract, skin and nasal-facial-cranial area. Aseptate hyphae, sporangiospores, sporangium, rhizoids (roots) are directly below sporangiophores.

58
Q

Absidia species

A

Can cause Mucormycosis, invades the gastrointestinal tract, skin and nasal-facial-cranial area. Aseptate hyphae, sporangiospores, sporangium, rhizoids (roots) are on either side of the sporangiophores.

Microbiology (8 decks)

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