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Microbiology > LP3 Parasitology > Flashcards

LP3 Parasitology Flashcards

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1
Q

facultative parasite

A

A parasite that can live either on a host or freely.

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2
Q

permanant parasite

A

A parasite that remains in or on a host once it has invaded the host.

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3
Q

temporary parasite

A

A parasite that feeds on and then leaves its host (such as a biting insect).

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4
Q

accidental parasite

A

A parasite that invades an organism other than its normal host.

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5
Q

hyperparasitism

A

The phenomenon of a parasite itself having parasites.

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6
Q

vectors

A

An organism that transmits a disease-causing organism from one host to another.

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7
Q

biological vector

A

An organism that actively transmits pathogens that complete part of their life cycle with in the organism.

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8
Q

mechanical vector

A

A vector in which the parasite does not complete any part of its life cycle during transit.

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9
Q

Geographical distribution of parasites

A

Worldwide- travel increases distribution which historically has been limited to tropical regions due to favorable temperature/humidity.

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10
Q

What are the three factors involved in the transmission of parasites?

A

1) Source of infection
2) Mode of transmission (direct/indirect contact, food/water, soil, vector
3) Presence of suseptible host

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11
Q

Infection

A

Refers to the invasion by endoparasites

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12
Q

Infestation

A

Refers to the invasion of ectoparasites

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13
Q

Degree of injury from parasites depends on what four factors?

A

1) Number of parasites
2) Size of the parasite
3) Activity/toxicity of the parasite
4) Location of the parasite in the host

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14
Q

Name 4 preventative measures that can be taken to prevent parasitic infections?

A

1) Reduction of the source of infection
2) Education in personal prophylaxis to reduce exposure
3) Sanitary control of food/water/waste
4) Control vectors

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15
Q

Characteristics of Protozoa

A

1) Eukaryotic
2) Have means of locomotion
3) Life cycle phases-cyst/trophozoite
4) Pathology
4) Diagnosis
5) Prevention

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16
Q

5 members of the Protozoa-Mastigophorans group (Flagella)

A

1) Giardia lambdis (lamblia)
2) Trichomonas vaginalis
3) Trypansoma gambesiense
4) Trypansoma rhodesiense
5) Trypansoma cruzi

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17
Q

Giardia lamblia cysts are…

A

oval shaped, have 4 nuclei, median bodies, defined cell wall and axonemes (supporting structures that develop as flagella in the trophozoite.

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18
Q

Giardia lamblia trophozoites have…

A

two nuclei, central karyosomes, median bodies, axonemes, 4 pairs of flagella and an adhesive disk.

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19
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

causes Trichomoniasis- ID trophozoites in samples, multiplies by binary fission, no cyst phase, sexually transmitted, causes itching, discharge, inflammation of vulva/cervix, males often asymptomatic

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20
Q

Trypansoma gambesiense

A

causes African sleeping Sickness, transmitted by the Teste Fly, ID of parasite in blood samples, antiparasitic meds highly toxic, drug resistance problematic

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21
Q

Trypansoma rhodesiense

A

causes African sleeping Sickness, transmitted by the Teste Fly, ID of parasite in blood samples, antiparasitic meds highly toxic, drug resistance problematic

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22
Q

Trypansoma cruzi

A

causes Chagas Disease, transmitted by reduviid bug, ID parasites in blood samples, treatment: benznidazole and niturtimox

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23
Q

Trematodes (Flukes)

A

Flat, elongated flat, leaf-shaped worms, bllod flukes have narrow elongated shape, hermaphroditic except for blood flukes, intermediate hosts, suckers for attachment, invade humans by ingestion or penetration of skin; Fasciolopsis buski (intestinal fluke), Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke), Clonorchis sinensis (fish liver fluke),Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke), Schistosoma species (blood fluke)

24
Q

Fasciolopsis buski (intestinal fluke)

A

Part of the Trematodes, causes Fasciolopsiasis, contaminated water plants consumption, ID of ova in feces, control snail populations (intermediate host), treat with anti-helminthic meds

25
Q

Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke)

A

Part of the Trematodes, causes Fascioliasis (Liver rot), , contaminated water plants (watercress), parasite of sheep, cattle, deer and rabbits, biliary obstruction in liver, ID of ova in feces, treat with Bithionol

26
Q

Clonorchis sinensis (fish liver fluke)

A

Part of the trematodes, causes Clonorchiasis, ingestion of undercooked fish or contaminated drinking water, biliary obstruction, intermediate host (fish or crustacean), ID of ova in feces or biliary drainage, seen in Asia in undercooked fish

27
Q

Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke)

A

Part of trematodes, causes Paragonimiasis, ingestion of raw or freshly pickled fresh water crustaceans, dry cough-blood streaked sputum, Intermediate host- carb or crayfish, ID of ova in sputum, treat with Bithionol

28
Q

Cestodes (Tapeworms)

A

Bodies are flat/form chains called proglottids, hermaphroditic, head called a scolex, intermediate hosts; include Taenia species.

29
Q

Schistosoma species (blood fluke)

A

Part of trematodes, causes Schistosomiasis, penetration of skin, hepatomegaly ,spleenmegaly, abdominal discomfort, intermediate host-snails, ID of ova in urine, feces or tissue, Antihelminthic meds

30
Q

Helminths (Nematodes and Platyhelminths-Cestodes and Trematodes)

A

A worm with bilateral symmetry; includes roundworms (nematodes) and flatworms (platyhelminths- cestodes and trematodes)

31
Q

Platyhelminths (Cestodes and Trematodes)

A

Free living in soil/water, require multiple hosts, adults flat segmented bodies, hermaphroditic, hooklets and suckers to attach to hosts, require intermediate hosts; include Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) and Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm).

32
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm)

A

A Platyhelminth-Cestode that causes Diphyllobothriasis, which causes abdominal discomfort, transmitted by ingestion of raw or improperly cooked fish, ID by numerous operculated ova or proglottids in feces, treat with Nicosamide

33
Q

Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)

A

A Platyhelminth-Cestode that causes Taeniasis from ingestion of improperly cooked beef, vague abdominal discomfort, ID of ova or proglottids or scolex in feces, treat with Nicosamide.

34
Q

Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)

A

A Platyhelminth-Cestode that causes Taeniasis from ingestion of improperly cooked pork, vague abdominal discomfort, ID of ova or proglottids or scolex in feces, treat with Nicosamide.

35
Q

Proglottids

A

One of the segments of a tapeworm that contains reproductive organs.

36
Q

hermaphroditic

A

Having both male and female reproductive systems in one organism

37
Q

Nematodes (Round worms)

A

Free living in soil and water, cylindrical bodies, no segments, male and female worms, hook or cutting plates to attach to host, found in the intestine or circulatory system; include Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Trichinella spiralis

38
Q

Enterobius vermicularis (pin worms)

A

A Helminth-Nematode that causes Enterobiasis, anal itching, transmitted hand to mouth contact with fomites or inhalation of eggs in dust, ID of adult worms or ova from rectal samples, treat with Piperazine, prevention by proper hygiene and prophylactic treatment of family members

39
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

A Helminth-Nematode that causes Ascariasis, hand to mouth transmission with contaminated soil; abdominal pain, pneumonitis, abcess of liver, gallbladder, appendix, intestines, malnutrition; ID of ova or adult worms in stool samples, treat with Piperazine and Mebendazole, prevent with proper hygiene/sanitation

40
Q

Trichuris trichiura

A

A Helminth-Nematode that causes Trichuriasis; transmitted fecal to oral route with contaminated soil, chronic bleeding anemia, malnutrition, ID ova and adult worms in stool samples, treat with Piperazine and Mebendazole, prevent with proper sanitary waste disposal

41
Q

Trichinella spiralis

A

A Helminth-Nematode that causes Trichinosis; transmitted by ingestion of encysted larvae in under cooked pork, bear, deer then carried to muscles and other organs via blood stream, muscle pain, ID by muscle biopsy showing encysted larvae, treat signs and symptoms NO CURE- cook meat to 165 F

42
Q

Apicomplexans (Sporozoans)

A

Are non-motile and have complex life-cycles; members include Plasmodium species and Toxoplasma gondii

43
Q

Plasmodium species

A

A Protozoan-Apicomplexan that causes malaria, transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito (transmits sporozoites), cycles of fever/sweating, ID of parasite in blood, prevention with prophylactics and vector control, treat with anti-malarial drugs-Artemisinin or Chloroquine

44
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

A Protozoan-Apicomplexan that causes toxoplasmosis. transmitted by contact with cat feces can cause severe neurological damage to fetus-can cross placental barrier in pregnant women, asymptomatic to mild lymph node inflammation, ID by serological testing for antibodies, treat with anti-parasitic meds

45
Q

Ciliates

A

Moves by cilia; includes Balantidium coli

46
Q

Balantidium coli

A

A Protozoan-Ciliate, causes Balantidiasis, normal parasite of pigs, humans are accidental hosts, diarrhea and dehydration, ID of cysts and trophozoites in stool samples, prevention by good hygiene and sanitation, treat with Flagyl

47
Q

Sacrodines

A

Moves by a false foot or pseudopods; includes Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli, Ulceration of intestinal mucosa, ID of cysts and trophozoites in stool samples, prevent by proper cooking and hygiene, treat with Flagyl

48
Q

Entamoeba coli

A

A Protozoan-Sarcodine, nonpathogenic or self limiting infection, ID by trophozoites have 5 nuclei in stool samples, avoid with proper cooking and good hygiene

49
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

A Protozoan-Sacrodine, cause Amebiasis by ingesting contaminated food or water,

50
Q

Parasitology

A

The study of parasites.

51
Q

What is a parasite?

A

An organism that lives on or in and at the expense of another organism, the host. Parasites are eukaryotic organisms.

52
Q

What is a host?

A

A organism that harbors another organism.

53
Q

What is an ectoparasite?

A

A parasite that lives on the surface of another organism.

54
Q

Obligate parasite

A

A parasite that must spend some or all of its life cycle in or on a host

55
Q

Hookworm

A

A nematode whose larvae penetrates the skin into the bloodstream-lungs-esophagus-small intestines, dry cough, ID of ova in feces, precaution is sanitary disposal of waste, treat with Tetrachloroethylene or Alcopa or Mebendazole

Microbiology (8 decks)

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