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Microbiology > LP7 Defense Mechanisms > Flashcards

LP7 Defense Mechanisms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Specific Host Defenses

A

A host defense that operates in response to a particular invading pathogen.

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2
Q

Antigen

A

A toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

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3
Q

Antibody (Immunoglobulin)

A

A protein produced in response to an antigen that is capable of binding specifically to that antigen.

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4
Q

Antibody Titer

A

The quantity of a specific antibody in an individual’s blood, often measured by means of agglutination reactions.

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5
Q

Immunity

A

The ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents.

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6
Q

Immune System

A

The system that includes cellular agents and organs responsible for the defense of a host.

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7
Q

Immunology

A

The study of the immune system involving antigen and antibody reactions.

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8
Q

Anamnestic Response

A

Memory cells respond more rapidly to second and subsequent exposures to an antigen. This is the theory behind vaccinations.

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9
Q

Attenuated vaccine

A

The weakening of the disease producing ability of an organism that is used in vaccines.

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10
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Genetically determined- species specific
(i.e. Humans have an innate immunity for distemper and animals have an innate immunity against mumps)

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11
Q

Acquired Immunity- Active

A

Obtained in another way other than by heredity.
Created when the individuals own immune system produces antibodies, ARTIFICIAL- vaccines (antigen) and NATURAL -exposure to antigen (active disease)

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12
Q

Acquired Immunity- Passive

A

Obtained in another way other than by heredity.
Created when ready-made antibiotics are given, ARTIFICIAL (gamma globulin) and NATURAL (breast-fed infants)

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13
Q

B-cells or B-lymphocytes

A

1)Differentiated in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissue
2) Initiates the production of antibodies
3) Classification of Immunoglobulins (antibodies)- IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE and IgD

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14
Q

T-cells or T-lymphocytes

A

1) Differentiated in the Thymus Gland (hormone Thymosin)- remember TTT
2) Further differentiated into specialized cells
(i.e. Killer T-cells, Helper T-cells, Suppressor T-cells and Delayed-Hypersensitivity T-cells)

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15
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

The immune response most effective in defending the body against bacteria, bacterial toxins and viruses that have NOT entered the cells.
1) B-lymphocytes initiate antibody production
2) Antibodies bind to specific antigens
3) Antibodies are effective against bacteria, toxins and viruses prior to penetration
4) May required T-helper cells to bind to antigen or suppress humoral immunity response

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16
Q

Cell-mediated Immunity

A

The immune response involving the direct action of t-cells to activate b-cells or to destroy microbe-infected cells, tumor cells or transplanted cells (organ transplants).
1) Carried out by directly by T-lymphocytes
2) No antibody production
3) Production of LYMPHOKINES by MACROPHAGES initiate-phagocytic migration, activates various T-cells and results in killing the infectious agent
4) Immunity effective against viral infections
5) Involved in delayed hypersensitivity reactions
6) Responsible for rejection of tumors and transplanted tissue

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17
Q

What factors play a roll in immune response?

A

Age, Poor nutrition, Traumatic injury, Environmental factors (pollution/radiation), Pregnancy, Immunosuppressant Medication, Immunological Disorders, Genetic defects in Immune system

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18
Q

Active immunization

A

Immunity is created when an organism’s own immune system produces antibodies or other defenses against an agent recognized as foreign.
1)Vaccines that contain antigens which initiate antibody production.
2)Retains antigenic properties but does not illicit active disease.
(i.e. MMR, DPT, HIB, Polio, Chickenpox, Hep B)

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19
Q

Passive Immunization

A

The process of inducing immunity by introducing ready-made antibodies into a host.,
1) Facilitates immediate immunity to a non-immune individual who has exposure to an infectious agent
2) Immune Serum Globulin (gamma globulin- pooled antibodies)
3) Hyperimmune Sera-obtained from persons recovering from a disease who has elevated levels of antibodies (titer)
4) Antitoxins- against toxins from Bacteria pooled antibodies (i.e. Botulism- serotype C and D only, Diphtheria, Tetanus)

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20
Q

Toxoid Active Immunization

A

Inactivated toxin, retains its antigenic properties but does not exhibit toxic effects (i.e. Diphtheria, Tetanus and Botulism- serotype C and D only)

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21
Q

Immunity against Bacteria

A

Non-specific defenses, humoral immunity (i.e. Pertussis- Whooping cough)

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22
Q

Immunity against Virus’

A

Non-specific defenses, Humoral immunity, Cell-mediated immunity, interferon (i.e. Covid, mumps, rubella, measles)

23
Q

Immunity against Protozoa/Helminths

A

Non-specific defenses, cell-mediated immunity (primary)

24
Q

Immunity against Fungi

A

Non-specific defenses, cell-mediated immunity (primary)

25
Q

Hypersensitivities (Allergies)

A

Disorder in which the immune system react inappropriately, usually by responding to an antigen it normally ignores.

26
Q

Immediate Hypersensitivities Type I

A

1)Allergic reaction, initiated by allergens (i.e. pollen dust, antibiotics, food products)
2)Sensitization initiates production of IgE which then cause development of local and systemic effects
3)Reaction is usually mild (i.e. sneezing, watery eyes, rashes, swelling)
4)Severe reactions can cause anaphylactic shock (use a Epipen- Epinephrine)

27
Q

Immediate Hypersensitivities Type II

A

1)Specific antibodies react with cell surface antigens interpreted as foreign
2)Results in direct cellular damage
3)Examples: Incompatible blood transfusions and Rh incompatibilities

28
Q

Immediate Hypersensitivities Type IV

A

1) Reactions take 8-12 hours to develop
2)Mediated by T-lymphocytes of cell-mediated immunity (no antibody production)
3) T-cells respond to antigenic stimuli by producing lymphokines which stimulate and activate the macrophages to produce a response Ag+ sensitized T-cell + lymphokines = activated macrophage
4)Produces a inflammatory response (i.e. Eczema, swelling, lesions, redness)
5)Examples: Poison Ivy/Oak, Metal sensitivities, skin tests

29
Q

Immunodeficiencies

A

Inborn or acquired defect in lymphocytes (B or T cells, phagocytic cells or complement proteins.

30
Q

Primary Immunodeficiencies

A

Caused by congenital abnormalities and based on heredity

31
Q

Secondary Immunodeficiencies

A

Caused by acquired disorders, infectious agents, malignancies and immunosuppressant medications (i.e. Leprosy, TB, AIDS)

32
Q

Non-Specific Host Defenses

A

Those host defenses against pathogens that operate regardless of the invading agent.

33
Q

Physical Barriers

A

Barriers like the skin (intact skin the microbes are kept out, if damaged microbes gain access to the body) and mucous membranes (line the body cavities that open to the outside, mucous can trap and expel microbes)

34
Q

Chemical Barriers

A

Barriers like Gastric juice (acidic pH), skin (salty secretions, acidic pH), Tears (lysozyme), Saliva (alkaline pH, lysozyme), urine (acidic pH), cerumen (ear wax), vaginal secretions (acidic pH) and semen (zinc) that inhibit the grow and/or kills microorganisms.

35
Q

Leukocytes- Granulocytes

A

A formed element. Cellular defenses that contain Neutrophils (elevated in bacterial infections), Basophils (release histamine) and Eosinophils (elevated in allergic response)

36
Q

Leukocytes- Agranulocytes

A

Cellular defenses that contain Monocytes (phagocytic cells) and Lymphocytes (elevated in viral infections)

37
Q

Process of Phagocytosis

A

1) Chemotaxis- locate microbe
2) Adherence/ingestion- engulf microbe
3) Digestion- destroy microbe

38
Q

Phagocytic cells

A

Cells that are capable of carrying out phagocytosis- Neutrophils and Monocytes

39
Q

Resistance to Phagocytosis

A

Cells can resist phagocytosis by forming a capsule, preventing the release of lysozyme, produce toxins like LEUKOCIDIN (Staphylococcus sp.) and STREPTOLYSIN (Streptococcus sp.)

40
Q

Lymphatic System

A

A body system, closely associated with the cardiovascular system that transports lymph in lymphatic vessels through body tissues and organs; performs important functions in host defenses and specific immunity (nonspecific and specific defense mechanisms).

41
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A leukocyte (WBC) found in large numbers in lymphoid tissues that contribute to specific immunity.
1) In non specific defense system these cells increase during a viral infection
2) In the specific defense system these cells differentiate into B-cells and T-cells

42
Q

Thymus Gland

A

A multilobed lymphatic organ located beneath the sternum that processes lymphocytes into T-cells. Thymosin from the endocrine gland is required. TTT

43
Q

Spleen

A

The largest lymphatic organ, acts as a blood filter.

44
Q

Lymph nodes

A

An encapsulated globular structure located along the routes of the lymphatic vessels that helps clear the lymph of microorganisms.

45
Q

Inflammation

A

The body’s defensive response to tissue damage caused by a microbial infection.

46
Q

Fever

A

The body’s temperature that is abnormally high.

47
Q

Pyrogens

A

A substance that acts on the hypothalamus to set the body’s thermostat to a higher than normal temperature.

48
Q

Complement (system)

A

A set of more than 20 large regulatory proteins that circulate in plasma and when activated, form a nonspecific defense mechanism against many different microorganisms.

49
Q

Chemotaxis

A

A nonrandom movement of an organism toward or away from a chemical.

50
Q

Gamma globulins

A

Pooled antibodies given to help fight infections

51
Q

Antigen determinant sites

A

Each antigen has specific sites where antibodies can attach
Lock and Key fit

52
Q

Contradictions to Vaccines

A

Misinformation, allergic response, can cross the placenta causing birth defects (only in live vaccines), can lack antibody production, need for boosters. No link between vaccines and autism.

53
Q

Steps in inflammatory process

A

1) Histamine released by injured tissue
2) Bradykinin released to stimulate pain receptors
3) Release of leukocyte-promoting factor that causes migration of phagocytic cells

Microbiology (8 decks)

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