Lp 57

Question 1

2 important lung inflation factors

Answer 1

1. Elastic properties: allows movement of lungs
2. Intrapleural P: P differential holds lugs against thoracic wall, preventing collapse

Question 2

2 categories of disorders of lung inflation

Answer 2

-conditions affecting pleura
-confusions affecting lung inflation

Question 3

Pleural inflammation

Answer 3

Pleuritis

Question 4

-abrupt onset
-sharp
-unilateral
-localized
-may radiate to shoulder 7 abdomen
-worsened by deep breathing & coughing
-m splinting possible

Answer 4

Pleural pn sx

Question 5

-accumulation of fluid in pleural cavity
-associated w/inflammation or lung compression
-edema d/t fluid formation> removal in pleural cavity
-risk factors:
*infection
*malignancies
*pulmonary infraction
*RA
*SLE

Answer 5

Pleural effusion

Question 6

-accumulation of blood in thoracic cavity
-causes: injury, surgery, rupture of blood vessels, malignancies
-may cause lung compression &decreased lung expansion

Answer 6

Hemothorax

Question 7

-dyspnea
-hemothorax & possible signs of blood loss
-lung compression w/ decreased lung expansion
-mediastinal shift
-dull, flat sound upon percussion
-decrease breath sounds
-Pleuritis pn (w/inflammation only)
Tx: needle aspiration

Answer 7

Pleural effusion

Question 8

-air leaks into pleural cavity
-increased Intrapulmonary P causes partial or complete collapse of affected lung
-3 categories:
*spontaneous
*traumatic
*tension

Answer 8

Pneumothorax

Question 9

-1*:
*occurs in healthy people
*cause unknown
tall boys & young men, smoking, small airway disease
-2:
*complication of other lung disease

Answer 9

Spontaneous pneumothorax

Question 10

-rib #s or dislocation
-may occur w/ hemothorax
-may be d/t CPR

Answer 10

Traumatic pneumothorax

Question 11

-life-threatening
-needs immediate medical attention
-d/t injury to respiratory structures
-air enters pleural cavity but does not leave
-causes increase. In chest, compression of vena cava

Answer 11

Tension pneumothorax

Question 12

-incomplete lung expansion leading to ung collapse
-d/t:
*airway obstruction
*lung compression
*increased recoil
-ventilation-perfusion imbalance & hypoxia
-categories:
1: newborns & infants
acquired 2: to airway obstruction, leading to absorption of air from involved alveoli, or lung compression

Answer 12

Atelectasis

Question 13

-decreased breath sounds & decreased lung expansion on affected side
-tachycardia
-tachypnea
-dyspnea
-cyanosis
-hypoxemia
-reversible

Answer 13

Sx atelectasis

Question 14

-leading cause of cancer death in Canada
-poor prognosis
-bronchogenic carcinoma
-2 main types:
*non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) 70-75%
*small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) 20-25%
Causes: smoking, other environmental pollutants

Answer 14

Lung cancer

Question 15

-more easily detected early
-late metastasize outside thorax
-male & smokers

Answer 15

Squamous cell carcinoma (Non-small cell lung cancer)

Question 16

-most common
-poorer prognosis than squamous cell
-in females & no smokers

Answer 16

Adenocarcinoma (non-small cell lung cancer)

Question 17

-metastasize early
-poor prognosis

Answer 17

Large cell carcinoma (non-small cell lung cancer)

Question 18

-neuroendocrine cells in lungs
-++ aggressive
-more common in males
-strongly associated w/ cigarette smoking
-metastasize early
-brain metastases are common- often 1st evidence

Answer 18

Small cell lung cancer

Question 19

-silent, insidious lesions
-s/s:
*chronic cough, heat pn
*expectration, hoarseness
*pleural effusion, atelectasis
-poor prognosis
-surgery is usually not an option
-chemotherapy

Answer 19

Clinical course of bronchogenic carcinoma