Lp 56 Flashcards
-chronic
-episodes of: airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-responsiveness & reversible airway obstruction
-sx’s: wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, cough
Obstructive airway disorder: asthma
-genetic predisposition
-triggers:
*Bronchospastic: depend on airway responsiveness, producing x’s only in people w/ predisposition to bronchospasm. Ex, cold air, exercise, URTI, emotional distress, bronchial irritants
*Inflammatory: cause inflammatory response in airways
Asthma
-attacks:
*early-phase response (bronchospam) develops w/in 10-20min of exposure to irritant
*late-phase responses (inflammation & increased airway responsiveness) develop 4 to 8 hrs after exposure to trigger
-increased airway responsiveness prolongs asthma attach (cycle of exacerbations)
-exercise-induced asthma occurs in 4%-90% of ppl w/asthma
-generally sx-free b/w attack
-can have spontaneous attacks
Asthma
-signs d/t: bronchospasm, ++ mucus & edema of bronchial mucosa
-clinical course:
*progressive airway obstruction
*air is trapped distal to swollen area
*person labours to exhale (wheezing)
*fatigue in prolonged attacks: breathing increases difficult & accessory mm engage
*if unresolved- breath sounds become inaudible; onset of respiratory failure
Asthma
-respiratory failure:
*leads to organ failure & death
affects one or more: ventilation, perfusion, diffusion
-pulmonary disorders leads to respiratory failure d/t hypoventilation
-COPD: chronic obstruction of airways
-1 cause= smoking
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
-d/t one of the following:
*hypertrophy of bronchial wall
*inflammation, edema, ++ mucus secretion
*decreased elastic fibres
*decreased alveolar tissue
-effects are similar:
*changes in ventilation-profusion coupling
decrease gas exchange
-1 sx= dyspnea
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
-loss of lung elasticity & increased air sales
-enlargement causes hyperinflation of lungs
-1* cause= smoking
-people < 40yrs
*genetic define y in enzyme that protects lung from injury
-in all cases- protein- digesting enzymes breakdown alveolar walls
-irritants stimulate:
*inflmmatory cells
*increase release of protein- digesting enzymes
Emphysema
-dyspnea; forced expiration
-wheezing
-chest tightness
-chronic coughing
-pursed lip expiration
-barrel chest & flattened diaphragm
-overuse of accessory expiratory mm
-air goes in/doesn’t come out
-pink puffers
-increase workload of R ventricle d/t increase pulmonary circulation resistance
-severe weight loss dot difficulty eating
Sx’s emphysema
-persistent productive cough for 3 consecutive mos. In 2 years
-chronic obstructive bronchitis poor prognosis
-simple bronchitis good prognosis
-causes/risks factors cigarette smoking, middle-aged male smokers
Chronic bronchitis
-cough & sputum production to severe respiratory impairment
-dyspnea
-hypoxemia
-hypercapnia
-cyanosis
-blue bloaters
-prolonged expiratory phase
-honcho & rales
Chronic bronchitis sx’s
-inherited disorder of mucus secreting glands
-most common lethal genetic disease in NA
-obstruction of the following system:
*respiratory
*digestive
*reproductive
-d/t defect in CL- transport
*causes fluid & electrolyte transport disturbance
-increased muscus viscosity- breeding ground for bacteria
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
-bacterium triggers genetic abnormality
-(+) need back loop
* bacteria feed on mucus
*causes increase muscular production
-bacterial toxins initiate inflammation
-immune cells cannot get through mucus, so attack lungs
CF pathogenesis
-faulty digestion (1st):
*large, foul smelling, fatty stools
*recurrent abdominal pn
*Dm= 80%
-pulmonary dysfxn (2nd):
*persistent lung infections- causes 80-90% of deaths
*chronic cough
*thick, purulent sputum
-Reproductive: male= sperm canal obstruction- sterile & female= increase cervical mucus, decreased fertility, decreased menstruation &cervical inflammation
CF sx’s
-involved pulmonary circulation
-affect gas exchange & BF
Pulmonary vascular disorders
-d/t deep vein thrombi
*lower legs
*pelvis area
-can be blood, fat, air:
*obstruct pulmonary BF
*cause vasoconstriction & bronchoconstriction
-uncommon before adulthood
Pulmonary embolism
