Lp 55 Flashcards
Respiratory susceptible to
-infants
-elderly
-chronically ill
Respiration involves 3 processes
-ventilation
-perfusion
-diffusion
Respiratory failure can be
-hypoxic
-hypoventilatory
Cardinal signs
-coughing
-sputum
-dyspnea
-pain and breath sounds
-N defence mechanism to clear airways
-reflex response to stimuli in URT
-various stimuli: mucus, inflammatory exudate, tumours, particulate matter
Coughing
2 types of cough
-non-productive (dry)
-productive (phlegm-laden)
-acute- common early sx
-chronic
Nonproductive cough
-respiratory system removing mucus
-++ mucus indicates disease process
Productive cough
-expectorated matter- various consistencies & colours
-any colour other than clear or white may indicate disease
-blood-stained sputum- cause for concern
Sputum
-SOB
-common in respiratory & CV disorders
-compensatory response to decreased O2 blood
-bronchoconstriction (major cause)
-increased pulmonary effort & SOB: alteration in lung compliance
-inspiratory mm must increase tension
Dyspnea
-chest pn: often indicates inflammation
-also accompanies: intercostal n damage, rib #s, m injury, costochondral jct separation
-neoplasticism disorders
-obstruction of airflow causes ABN breathing sounds
-ABN manifestations need medical attention
Pain & breath sounds
Lungs have mechanisms to condition air
-ciliated cells
-mucus production
-cough reflex
-inflammation of bronchial tubes
-severe, short duration
-ethology: viruses, bacteria
-complication of common cold
-sx’s: fever, malaise, dry painful cough (onset), mucopurulent (later)
-predisposing factors: fatigue, malnutrition, chilling, allergies, exposure to irritants
Acute bronchitis
-inflammation of lungs
-ethology: bacteria, viruses, fungi, irritants
-sx’s: sudden onset, chest pn,high fever, chills, purulent (often bloody) sputum, malaise
-high mortality
-treated w/ ABX
-community-acquired or hospital-acquired
Pneumonia
-inflammation of pleura
-unilateral or bilateral
-local
-acute or chronic
-viral, bacterial, inflammatory
-sx’s: (acute) chills, sharp pn in chest, fever, short fry cough, pallor
Pleuritis (pleurisy)
-infectious lung disease
-bacterial
-can infect any organ
-airborne particles
-sx’s: fever, night sweats, fatigability, anorexia, weight loss, initial dry cough that is ultimately productive, purulent & blood-tinged
-later sx’s- dyspnea & orthopnea
-today associated w/AIDS
-signs: inflammatory infiltration, abscesses, fibrous, calcification lesions, caseation necrosis
Tuberculosis TB
-viral infection of URT
-most common RTI
-adults 2-4 year
-school children to 10 year
-associated with more than 200 viruses, season of year, age, prior exposure are factors in type virus & symptoms
-usually self limiting last 7 days
Sx: dryness & stuffiness in nose, increase production of nasal secretion & lacrimation, red & swollen mucus membranes of URT, sore throat, headaches, chills, fever, exhaustion
Common cold
-virus spread rapidly B/t hosts
-area of greatest viral shedding is nasal mucosa
-fingers are greatest source of viral spread
-nasal mucosa & conjunctiva are most common portal of entry
-aerosol spread of colds decrease than spread by fingers
-most highly contagious period is first 3 days after symptom onset
-incubation period is ~5days
Common cold
-aka,. The flu
-circulation infection of upper & lower respiratory tracts
-usually occurs in epidemics or pandemics
-until AIDS, it was last uncontrolled pandemic killer of humans
-causes~ 12,200 hospitalizations & 3,500 deaths in Canada yearly (deaths >65 years old)
-2 types of viruses: types A & B
-3 types of infections: uncomplicated rhinotracheitis, viral infection followed by bacterial infection, viral pneumonia
Influenza
-incubation period: 1-4 days (average 2 days)
-people are infectious 1 day before symptoms appear
-remain infectious through 5 days after illness onset
-children can be infectious longer
Sx: abrupt onset of:
-fever & chills
-malaise: can come on in 1-2 min: distinguishing feature
-muscle aches & headache
-profuse, watery nasal discharge
-nonproductive cough or sore throat
Influenza
-respiratory tract serous & ciliated cell necrosis
-holes n walls allow extra cellular fluid to escape “runny nose”
-during recovery, serous cells are replaced more rapidly than ciliated cells
-mucus is produced, ciliated cells cannot move it adequately
-people continue to blow nose & cough
-uncomplicated rhinotracheitis: peak symptoms by days 3-5 & resolves by days 7-10
-complications include: sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis, bacterial pneumonia
Influenza
