Lower respiratory tract infections

Question 1

name 4 lower respiratory tract infections

Answer 1

haemophilus influenza
streptococcus pneumoniae
mycobacterium tuberculosis
legionella pneumophilia

Question 2

is haemophilus influenza gram +ve or -ve?

Answer 2

-ve

Question 3

how is haemophilus influenza adapted to be highly infectious?

Answer 3

Small therefore spread further when you cough through droplets

Question 4

who is at risk of haemophilus influenza?

Answer 4

<2yrs and elderly especially those with COPD

Question 5

there are a range of different strains of haemophilus influenza that allow it to overcome the immune response. name one and how its adapted

Answer 5

haemophilus influenza B (hib)
has a capsule

Question 6

how is haemophilus influenza treated?

Answer 6

antibiotics
Issue with antibiotic resistance

Question 7

how is haemophilus influenza controlled?

Answer 7

vaccine

Question 8

is streptococcus pneumoniae gram +ve or -ve?

Answer 8

gram +ve

Question 9

what kind of haemolysis occurs from streptococcus pneumoniae?

Answer 9

a-haemolytic

Question 10

name a virulence factor for streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 10

pneumolysin -> cause pores in the tissue, target and damage white blood cells

Question 11

what are the symptoms of streptococcus pneumoniae?

Answer 11

Abrupt onset
Fever 39c-41c
Cough with blood tinges sputum
Chest pain

Question 12

what is lobular pneumoniae?

Answer 12

pneumonia has gone deep into the lungs and the alveolar are compromised by inflammation and bacterial damage

Question 13

how is streptococcus pneumoniae treated?

Answer 13

antibiotics amoxycillin and erythromycin
Antibiotic resistance is a problem

Question 14

how is streptococcus pneumoniae controlled?

Answer 14

vaccination

Question 15

why is legionella pneumophilia important for dentists?

Answer 15

as we have to ensure our water supplies are not infected and causing disease

Question 16

mycobacterium tuberculosis is prevelant where?

Answer 16

in certain geographical locations e.g. Nigeria

Question 17

what is the disease process for mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Answer 17

Inhale a few setting up a localised infection
Becomes a lesion/tubercle (scar) in the lung tissue not allowing gaseous exchange. If not completely eradicated bacteria can stay in the tubercle and infect another area.

Question 18

what are the symptoms of mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Answer 18

mild to aid spread (feel well enough to carry out normal life spreading it)
§ Night fever/sweats
§ Malaise
§ Weight loss
§ Cough with sputum

Question 19

what is oral tuberculosis?

Answer 19

lesions appear in oral cavity

Question 20

what is the treatment of mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Answer 20

chemotherapy with antituberculosis drugs

Question 21

how is mycobacterium tuberculosis treated?

Answer 21

X-ray
sputum test/culture
DNA/RNA test
Mantoux test

Question 22

what is the mantoux test?

Answer 22

checks if history of exposure to TB
□ Inject purified TB protein derivative intradermally in forearm and check for an immediate immune response

Question 23

what is the treatment for mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Answer 23

complex antibiotic cocktail for a long period of time 6-9months, 2 of the 5 are rifampicin and isoniazid
There are regions of the world with antibiotic resistance due to people not completing the course of antibiotics as it requires compliance for a long time

Question 24

what is multidrug resistance to antbibiotics used to treat mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Answer 24

resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid

Question 25

what is extensive drug resistance to antibiotics used to treat mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 25

resistance to 4 or more of the drugs

Question 26

how is mycobacterium tuberculosis controlled?

Answer 26

BCG vaccine