Lower respiratory tract infections Flashcards
name 4 lower respiratory tract infections
haemophilus influenza
streptococcus pneumoniae
mycobacterium tuberculosis
legionella pneumophilia
is haemophilus influenza gram +ve or -ve?
-ve
how is haemophilus influenza adapted to be highly infectious?
Small therefore spread further when you cough through droplets
who is at risk of haemophilus influenza?
<2yrs and elderly especially those with COPD
there are a range of different strains of haemophilus influenza that allow it to overcome the immune response. name one and how its adapted
haemophilus influenza B (hib)
has a capsule
how is haemophilus influenza treated?
antibiotics
Issue with antibiotic resistance
how is haemophilus influenza controlled?
vaccine
is streptococcus pneumoniae gram +ve or -ve?
gram +ve
what kind of haemolysis occurs from streptococcus pneumoniae?
a-haemolytic
name a virulence factor for streptococcus pneumoniae
pneumolysin -> cause pores in the tissue, target and damage white blood cells
what are the symptoms of streptococcus pneumoniae?
Abrupt onset
Fever 39c-41c
Cough with blood tinges sputum
Chest pain
what is lobular pneumoniae?
pneumonia has gone deep into the lungs and the alveolar are compromised by inflammation and bacterial damage
how is streptococcus pneumoniae treated?
antibiotics amoxycillin and erythromycin
Antibiotic resistance is a problem
how is streptococcus pneumoniae controlled?
vaccination
why is legionella pneumophilia important for dentists?
as we have to ensure our water supplies are not infected and causing disease
mycobacterium tuberculosis is prevelant where?
in certain geographical locations e.g. Nigeria
what is the disease process for mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Inhale a few setting up a localised infection
Becomes a lesion/tubercle (scar) in the lung tissue not allowing gaseous exchange. If not completely eradicated bacteria can stay in the tubercle and infect another area.
what are the symptoms of mycobacterium tuberculosis?
mild to aid spread (feel well enough to carry out normal life spreading it)
§ Night fever/sweats
§ Malaise
§ Weight loss
§ Cough with sputum
what is oral tuberculosis?
lesions appear in oral cavity
what is the treatment of mycobacterium tuberculosis?
chemotherapy with antituberculosis drugs
how is mycobacterium tuberculosis treated?
X-ray
sputum test/culture
DNA/RNA test
Mantoux test
what is the mantoux test?
checks if history of exposure to TB
□ Inject purified TB protein derivative intradermally in forearm and check for an immediate immune response
what is the treatment for mycobacterium tuberculosis?
complex antibiotic cocktail for a long period of time 6-9months, 2 of the 5 are rifampicin and isoniazid
There are regions of the world with antibiotic resistance due to people not completing the course of antibiotics as it requires compliance for a long time
what is multidrug resistance to antbibiotics used to treat mycobacterium tuberculosis?
resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid
what is extensive drug resistance to antibiotics used to treat mycobacterium tuberculosis
resistance to 4 or more of the drugs
how is mycobacterium tuberculosis controlled?
BCG vaccine
