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3 Microbiology > Introduction to virology > Flashcards

Introduction to virology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the structure of a virus?

A

nucleic acid genome
protein capsid
sometimes an envelope

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2
Q

what does the nucleic acid genome of a virus determine?

A

the rate of mutations and the risk they pose

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3
Q

what does the protein capsid of a virus do?

A

Protects the genome

Determines the cells it infects through controlling shape and surface proteins for adhesion to receptors on host cells

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4
Q

what is an envelope which some viruses have?

A

Lipid bilayer, derived from the host cell, containing viral proteins

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5
Q

what is the purpose of an envelope on a virus?

A

Host doesn’t see the virus as foreign

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6
Q

how does a virus replicate?

A

Uses the host cells machinery to replicate -> can’t replicate independently

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7
Q

give an overview of the replication cycle of a virus

A

attachment
entry
synthesis
assembly
release

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8
Q

virus replication what happens in attachment?

A

Attachment to host cell receptors, specificity determined by capsid

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9
Q

virus replication, what happens during synthesis?

A

Genome replicated

Transcription and translation of viral proteins that will make the capsid

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10
Q

virus replication, what happens during assembly?

A

genome and viral proteins assemble together

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11
Q

virus replication cycle, between assembly and release what happens?

A

There is a period of time where it isn’t releasing particles but still multiplying so the immune system cant recognise it till later on once its already multiplied

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12
Q

virus replication cycle, what happens in release?

A

Lysis: destroys the membrane of the host cell, killing it

Budding: form an envelope from the host cell membrane. Seen in more chronic viruses as it doesn’t kill the host cell

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13
Q

what viral factors cause damage to the host? 4

A

cell lysis

cell-cell fusion

inhibition of host cell transcription and translation

alteration of host cell cycle

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14
Q

how does cell-cell fusion cause damage to the host?

A

syncitia formation (multinucleated cells)
compromise barrier function of cells
leads to death of cells

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15
Q

give an example of how alteration of host cell cycle causes damage

A

cause proliferation -> cancer linked to HPV

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16
Q

name 3 host cell factors that cause damage to the host

A

Apoptosis

Lysis of infected cells by immune system

Inflammation

17
Q

what is latency? give an example of a virus

A

virus replicating but not making surface proteins so goes undetected (herpes)

18
Q

how do viruses cause chronic/persistant infections? give examples of viruses

A

virus replicates with the cell (not separate) so goes undetected and can reinfect later in life (chicken pox, HIV,HepC)

19
Q

give an example of a virus that causes transformation of host cells

A

HPV -> cancer

20
Q

how does the immune system respond to viruses?

A

produce antibodies
cytotoxic T-cells

21
Q

what do antibodies do?

A

Target for destruction

Impair ability to cause destruction by blocking target sites so cant infect other cells

22
Q

what do cytotoxic T-cells do?

A

Recognise capsid proteins and destroy the cells

23
Q

how are viruses treated?

A

anti-viral drugs
vaccines

24
Q

how do antiviral drugs work?

A

Target proteins specific to certain viruses

25
Q

what kind of virus is HIV/AIDs?

A

blood borne

26
Q

what is the mechanism of HIV/AIDs?

A
  • Changes DNA to RNA with reverse transcriptase
    increases the mutation rate of viruses -> more variation to avoid immune response
27
Q

what does HIV/AIDs lead to?

A

immunodeficiency

28
Q

how is HIV/AIDs treated?

A

Viral drugs can target reverse transcriptase

29
Q

why are vaccines almost impossible to find for HIV/AIDs

A

Through each circle of replication it changes and alters its surface

30
Q

name 2 AIDs defining illnesses

A

Esophageal candidiasis

Kaposi’s sarcoma

31
Q

how is HIV/AIDs prevented?

A

limit exposure

32
Q

what type of virus is hepatitis?

A

blood-borne

33
Q

what is the main clinical manifestation of hepititis?

A

liver disease

34
Q

which type of hepatitis has a risk for chronic hepatitis?

A

Hep C

35
Q

what are the symptoms of Hep B?

A

malaise, jaundice, liver disease (that leads to cancer)

36
Q

which type of hepatitis has a successful vaccine?

A

Hep B

37
Q

herpes HSV1 causes what disease common in preschool children?

A

primary gingivostomatitis

38
Q

how does oral herpes present?

A

vesicles and ulcers on lips, buccal mucosa and hard palate

39
Q

reactivation of herpes is common. this is due to what?

A

dormancy
presents as cold sores

3 Microbiology (14 decks)

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