Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards
4 common LRTIs
Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Influenza
What causes 99% of cases of bronchitis
Viruses
Does bronchitis need treatment to resolve
No - self limiting
Self limiting
Disease that tends to go away on its own without treatment
What viruses and bacteria can cause bronchitis
Virus - adenovirus coronavirus parainfluenza influenza rhinovirus RSV
Bacteria - bordetella pertussis, mycoplasma pneumonia
How long is acute bronchitis symptomatic for
Up to 2 wks
Acute bronchitis symptoms
Sore throat
Fatigue
Stuffy/runny nose
Fever
Body aches
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Bronchitis pathophysiolgy
Inflammation of bronchi
How is acute bronchitis prevented
Decrease infection risk - hygiene, PPE, etc
What medications are recommended for bronchitis symptoms relief
Antipyretics
Analgesics
Antitussives
How does a CXR appear in a bronchitis patient
Usually clear
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation of bronchioles usually in children under 2yrs
What signs could suggest a suspected bronchitis case is actually another pathology
Signs of consolidation
Airway obstruction
Fever
Incr RR
incr HR
Hospital acquired pneumonia
Pneumonia that occurs >48hrs after hospital admission and no incubation at time of admission
2 types of pneumonia acquisition
Community acquired
Hospital acquired
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the alveoli in either or both lungs
What happens to alveoli during pneumonia infection
Become inflamed and fill with fluid
Lose barrier function
Which groups are at greatest risk for pneumonia
Elderly
Very young
What is the most frequent pathogen to cause pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
How long do pneumonia symptoms usually last
3-4 wks
How does pneumonia as a direct injury cause alveolar dysfunction
Inflammation and innate immune response
How can pneumonia be caused by pathogenic microorganisms in the lung parenchyma
Microorganism overgrowth causes intra alveolar exudates
How can pneumonia be diagnosed
Physical exam
Complete blood count
Sputum culture
Urine test
PCR
CT scan
How does a CXR appear in a pneumonia patient
Consolidation
What is needed for a pneumonia diagnosis in secondary care
Clinical signs and symptoms
Consolidation on CXR
What is needed for a pneumonia diagnosis in primary care
Signs and symptoms
New focal chest signs
1+ systemic feature
What features are involved in CURB65 score
Confusion
Blood urea
Resp rate 30+/min
Blood pressure SBO<99/DBP<60
How is pneumonia severity assessed
CRB65 score - community
CURB65 score - hospital
How is pneumonia with a CRB65 score of 3/4 treated
Urgent hospital admission
Empirical antibiotics
How long should a pneumonia patient be given antibiotics
5 days
Which antibiotic is the first choice for pneumonia treatment
Doxycycline
4 Oxygen delivery systems
Nasal cannula
Simple face mask
Non rebreather mask
Venturi mask
When should oxygen be given
Hb O2 saturation <94%
Which type of oxygen delivery is most suitable for emergency and trauma use
Non rebreather mask
Which oxygen delivery system gives the most accurate O2 concentration
Venturi mask
Does a nasal cannula give a low medium or high o2 concentration
Low to medium
Which oxygen delivery system gives an O2 concentration between ~24 - ~50%
Nasal cannula
Which oxygen delivery systems give O2 concentrations between 60 and 90%
Simple face mask
Non rebreather face mask
Is a CRB65 or CURB65 score given in the community
CRB65
