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CR2 > Development Of The Heart > Flashcards

Development Of The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Which germ layer does the cardiovascular system develop from

A

Mesoderm

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2
Q

What does the heart develop from

A

Cardiogenic mesoderm

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3
Q

What do angiogenic cell clusters in the cardiogenic mesoderm coalesce to form

A

Left and right endocardial tubes

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4
Q

What causes the endocardia tubes to fuse into the primitive heart tube

A

Lateral folding of embryo

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5
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus become

A

Proximal aorta and pulmonary artery

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6
Q

What does the bulbous cordis become

A

Ventricular outflow tracts and right ventricle

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7
Q

What does the primitive ventricle become

A

Left ventricle

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8
Q

What does the primitive atria become

A

Left and right atria

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9
Q

What does the sinus venosus become

A

Smooth part of right atrium and coronary sinus

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10
Q

What parts of the heart are present at 21 days gestation

A

Truncus arteriosus
Bulbous cordis
Primitive ventricle
Primitive atria
Sinus venosus

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11
Q

Why does the primitive heart tube fold as it lengthens

A

Length limited by pericardium

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12
Q

What causes the chambers and vessels of the heart to align during gestation

A

Folding of primitive heart tube

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13
Q

When does the primitive heart tube fold

A

Days 23 - 28

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14
Q

What connects the atrium and ventricle at 35 days

A

Atrioventricular canal

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15
Q

What are the endocardial cushions and when do they form

A

2 swellings of mesenchymal tissue from walls of atrioventricular canal
28 days

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16
Q

What does the septum of the atrioventricular canal form from

A

Endocardial cushions

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17
Q

Where does the foramen ovale shunt blood from and too

A

Taught atrium to left atrium

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18
Q

Why does the foramen ovale fuse after birth

A

Higher pressure in left atrium than right atrium

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19
Q

Are atrial septal defects more common in males or females

A

Females

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20
Q

2 parts of atrial septum

A

Septum premium
Septum secondum

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21
Q

When does the muscular interventricular septum develop

A

End of 4th week

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22
Q

Where does the muscular interventricular septum grow from and towards

A

From floor of primordial ventricle
Towards membranous interventricular septum

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23
Q

What does the membranous interventricular septum form from

A

Endocardial cushions

24
Q

What is the most common type of cardiac defect

A

Ventricular septal defect

25
Q

What proportion of ventricular septal defects are in the membranous septum

A

90%

26
Q

Where and when do the truncoconal swellings form

A

Truncus arteriosus
5th wk

27
Q

Why do the truncoconal swellings grow towards each other in a spiral

A

So aorta connects to LV and pulmonary ventricle to RV

28
Q

What does the ductus venodud shunt blood between

A

Umbilical vein to IVC

29
Q

What does the foramen ovale shunt blood between

A

RA to LA

30
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus shunt blood between

A

Pulmonary trunk to ascending aorta

31
Q

What structure allows foetal blood to bypass the liver

A

Ductus venosus

32
Q

What structure allows foetal blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation

A

Foramen ovale

33
Q

What structure allows foetal blood to bypass the lungs

A

Ductus arteriosus - Pulmonary trunk to ascending aorta

34
Q

What does the ductus venosus fibrosis to form

A

Ligamentum venosus/teres

35
Q

What does the foramen ovale close to form

A

Fossa ovalis

36
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus fibrose to form

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

37
Q

Acyanotic congenital heart disease

A

Group of cardiac diseases with a left to right shunt or left heart abnormality which do not result in cyanosis

38
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

Ductus arteriosus does not close postnatally

39
Q

What does a patent ductus arteriosus increase risk for

A

Bacterial endocarditis

40
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus treatment

A

Prostaglandin inhibitor - eg ibuprofen
Surgical closure with clip - If not closed by 3 months

41
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

Constriction of aorta

42
Q

What is the difference between pre ductal and post ductal coarctation of the aorta

A

Pre ductal occurs above ductus arteriosus
post ductal below ductus arteriosus

43
Q

What allows blood flow in pre ductal aortic coarctation

A

Ductus arteriosus persists

44
Q

What allows blood flow in post ductal coarctation of the aorta

A

Collateral circulations establish

45
Q

How is blood pressure affected by coarctation of the aorta

A

High bp before coarctation
Low bp after coarctation

46
Q

Cyanosis heart lesions

A

Group of cardiac diseases which allow deoxygenated blood to bypass lungs and enter systemic circulation causing cyanosis

47
Q

What defects comprise tetralogy of fallot

A

Ventricular septal defect
Overriding aorta
Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy

48
Q

Persistent truncus arteriosus

A

Single truncus arises from heart supplying both aorta and pulmonary artery, large VSD below truncus valve allows blood in LV and RV to mix

49
Q

Features of persistent truncus arteriosus

A

Variable degree of cyanosis
Presents with progressive heart failure

50
Q

Transposition of the great ventricles

A

Aorta and pulmonary arteries switched

51
Q

What causes transposition of the great vessels

A

Conotruncal septum runs straight down instead of spiralling

52
Q

What is transposition of the great vessels usually accompanied by

A

Open ductus arteriosus

53
Q

Transposition of great vessels treatment

A

Immediate surgical catheterisation of fossa ovalis to increase mixing of pulmonary and systemic blood
Further surgery at later date

54
Q

Acyanotic heart lesion examples

A

Atrial septal defects
Ventricular septal defects
Patent ductus arteriosus
Coarctation of the aorta

55
Q

Cyanosis heart lesion examples

A

Tetralogy of fallot
Transposition of the great vessels
Patent truncus arteriosus

CR2 (33 decks)

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