Lower respiratory tract infection Flashcards
inflammatory processes in bronchioles; most common in pediatrics; following a viral infection
Acute bronchitis
productive cough, malaise, wheezing, trouble breathing; Wheezing and/or rhonchi may be heard on auscultation; rhonchi may clear with cough
Presentation of acute bronchitis
rhinovirus, adenovirus, influenza A and B, and parainfluenza virus are all common causes of what LRTI?
Acute bronchitis
Pneumonia acquired within 48H of hospital admission
Community acquired pneumonia
S. aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, & candida are the most common infectious agents of what type of pneumonia?
Hospital acquired pneumonia
What is the most common bacterial agent that causes CAP?
S. pneumoniae
coronavirus, flu virus, and respiratory syncytial virus are all the main viruses that cause what type of pneumonia ?
CAP
Pneumonia acquired 48H after hospital admission
HAP
loss of cough centers (due to stroke), drugs, alcohol, aging, smoking, toxic work environment, a Tumor that obstructs airway clearing
things that predispose a patient to getting pneumonia
What is pneumonia?
is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by an acute infection
What is the most common or “classical” pneumonia?
Bacterial Pneumococcal Lobar Pneumonia
What organism causes pneumococcal pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Bacterial pneumonia is spread via what route and what is the diameter of the particles?
Droplet route; greater than 5 micrometers
How does a pathogen enter the body to become a pneumonia?
It enters the upper respiratory tract, and through micro aspirations it moves into the LRT
TB, anthrax, and fungi are transmitted via what route?
Airborne
pneumocystis jirovecii is seen in Pt with what other comorbidity?
HIV
fever, chills, sweat, rigors, cough with sputum, dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain
presentation of pnemonia
blood tinged sputum is a sign that what microbe is responsible for the pneumonia present?
S. pneumoniae
NEW Infiltrate on CXR & pulmonary SX
The two things you need to diagnose CAP
consolidative lobar infiltrates; pulmonary opacity
Imaging seen in pneumonia patient
thick walled solitary cavity surrounded by consolidation;
Imaging seen in patient with Lung Abscess
Sputum culture showing gram positive cocci LANCET shaped
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What organism is targeted in a Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract agar plate?
Legionella
Minimum patient hospitalization time for pneumonia diagnosis?
5 days
How long are patients with S. aureus pneumonia hospitalized on average?
28 days
First line treatment for a lung abscess
Carbapenem or clindamycin
What must you rule out before treating a lung abscess and why?
Empyema because that DX requires a thoracostomy (tube insertion) and if that procedure is done on an abscess it will cause complications
What drugs are great for treating pneumococcal pneumonia & can reduce death by 85%
Penicillins
Best empirical treatment for CAP
Macrolide, doxy, or amoxicillin
What is the common infectious agent seen in a pneumonia patient who is an alcoholic?
Klebsiella pneumonia; it colonizes in their oropharynx and is aspirated into the lungs
How long is the incubation period for influenza viruses?
1-4 days
What type of influenza is the most common cause on infection in humans?
Type C
What are two conditions that can cause complications in an influenza infection?
pregnancy, obesity, asthma, over 65
What is Reye Syndrome ?
A complication from type B flu infection that causes liver issues in young children and is associated with aspirin use
