Lower respiratory tract diseases - Tuberculosis Flashcards
Definition
Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. It is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Aetiology/ causes
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which spreads from person to person through the air when an infected individual coughs or sneezes.
TB can affect any part of the body, but it most commonly affects the lungs.
Risk factors
Living in or traveling to areas with high rates of TB
Having a weakened immune system
Being malnourished
Having a chronic disease such as diabetes or HIV
Smoking.
People who work in healthcare or live in close quarters with someone who has TB also have a higher risk of developing the disease.
Epidemiology/ Population affected
TB is a global disease that affects millions of people worldwide.
The incidence of TB is highest in developing countries, but it is also a significant public health issue in some developed countries, particularly among high-risk populations such as immigrants and homeless individuals.
Clinical presentation
Cough: A persistent cough that lasts for more than two weeks is a common symptom of TB. The cough may produce phlegm or mucus, and may worsen over time.
Chest pain: Pain or discomfort in the chest is another common symptom of TB, particularly when coughing or taking deep breaths.
Fatigue: People with TB may feel very tired and lack energy, even if they have not been physically active.
Fever: A low-grade fever is a common symptom of TB, particularly in the early stages of the disease.
Night sweats: Night sweats are a common symptom of TB and can cause people to wake up with wet sheets or clothing.
Loss of appetite: People with TB may experience a loss of appetite and may lose weight unintentionally.
In some cases, TB can affect other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, spine, or brain. Symptoms of these forms of TB may include pain in the affected area, weakness, numbness or tingling, and difficulty with movement or coordination.
Prognosis
With appropriate treatment, most people with tuberculosis can be cured. However, the disease can be more difficult to treat in people with weakened immune systems or other underlying health conditions. In rare cases, tuberculosis can be life-threatening.
DDX
Pneumonia
Bronchitis
Lung cancer
