Lower respiratory tract diseases - Pneumonia

Question 1

Definition

Answer 1

Pneumonia is a type of lung infection that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms. The infection leads to inflammation in the air sacs of the lungs (alveoli), resulting in the accumulation of fluid and pus, making it difficult for the lungs to function properly

Question 2

Aetiology/ causes

Answer 2

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia, while the most common viral cause is the influenza virus.

Other causes of pneumonia may include fungi, parasites, or chemical irritants.

Question 3

Risk factors

Answer 3

People with weakened immune systems, such as older adults, young children

Chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, asthma, or heart disease

Smoking
Exposure to air pollution
History of respiratory infections.

Question 4

Epidemiology/ Population affected

Answer 4

Most common in older adults and young children

Question 5

Clinical presentation

Answer 5

High fever, chills
Headaches, appetite loss, mood swings
High HR
Joint pain
Muscle fatigue and aching
Nausea/ vomiting
Clammy/ blue skin
Cough with sputum, shortness of breath

Question 6

Prognosis

Answer 6

The prognosis for pneumonia varies depending on the severity of the infection and the overall health of the patient.

Most people with pneumonia can recover fully with appropriate treatment, such as antibiotics or antiviral medication.

However, in some cases, pneumonia can lead to complications such as respiratory failure or sepsis, which can be life-threatening.

Question 7

DDX

Answer 7

Other respiratory infections such as common cold, bronchitis

Asthma
COPD
Pulmonary embolism