Lower respiratory tract diseases - Bronchiolitis

Question 1

Definition

Answer 1

Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory illness that typically affects infants and young children, but can also affect adults. It is characterised by inflammation and blockage of the small airways in the lungs, known as bronchioles.

Question 2

Aetiology/ causes

Answer 2

The most common cause of bronchiolitis is a viral infection, most commonly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

Other viruses that can cause bronchiolitis include adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, and human metapneumovirus.

Question 3

Risk factors

Answer 3

Under 2 years of age
Being born prematurely
Having a weakened immune system

Exposure to cigarette smoke or other pollutants.

Question 4

Epidemiology/ Population affected

Answer 4

Bronchiolitis is a common illness, especially in the winter months, and is the most common reason for hospitalisation in infants under 1 year of age.

Question 5

Clinical presentation

Answer 5

Coughing
Wheezing
Difficulty breathing
Fever

In some cases, it can lead to more severe respiratory problems, such as pneumonia.

Question 6

Prognosis

Answer 6

The prognosis for bronchiolitis is generally good, and most children recover within a week or two with supportive care. However, some children may develop more severe respiratory problems that require hospitalisation.

Question 7

DDX

Answer 7

Asthma
Pneumonia
Pertussis (whooping cough).