lower respiratory infections Flashcards
what are the lower respiratory conditions
- influenza
- pneumonia
- tuberculosis
- legionnaires
- bronchiolitis
- pleurisy
- whooping cough
- RSV infection
what are the respiratory tract defence mechanisms
- filtration of air
- muco-ciliary clearance system
- cough reflex
- reflex broncho-constriction
- alveolar macrophages
- antimicrobial peptides
- inflammatory cells
- adaptive immune response
what are the symptoms of pneumonia
- cough
- shortness of breath
- increased sputum
- chest pain
- fever
- tachycardia
what symptoms suggest a viral lower respiratory infection
- cough
- aching muscles
- rhinitis
- conjunctivitis
- pharyngitis
what is the clinical diagnosis of pneumonia
- resp rate >30
- low blood pressure 60/90
- chest x-ray
- CT scan
what are the complications of pneumonia
- tissue destruction - abscesses
- empyema - collection of pus in pleural cavity
- organisation of alveolar exudate
- bacteraemia dissemination - meningitis, arthritis or infective endocarditis
what shows pneumonia
fibrinourulent alveolar exudate
what shows atypical pneumonia
mononuclear intersitial infiltrate
what shows tuberculosis
granulomatous inflammation
what are the types of pneumonia
- community acquired acute pneumonia
- community acquired atypical pneumonia
- nosocomial pneumonia
- aspiration pneumonia
- chronic pneumonia
what causes acute hospital or community acquired pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus
Haemophilus pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
what causes atypical pneumonia
Legionella pneumophila
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
what are the complications of atypical pneumonia
- pleural effusion
- pericarditis
- neurological complications
what are the characteristics of mollicutes
- able to grow and reproduce attached to cells and enriched agar
- no rigid cell walls
- small genome size
- phylogenetically different
what causes chronic pneumonia
mollicutes
what is chronic pneumonia treated with
erythromycin
how is TB transmitted
breathing in infected air during close contact
how does tb lay dormant
- bacteria implanted in lungs
- immune system attacks and destroys
what are the symptoms of TB
- chronic cough
- pain in chest
- decreased appetite
- weight loss
- night sweats
- coughing up blood
where can TB spread
- lymphnodes
- chest wall lining
- bones and joints
- brain and spinal cord lining
- kidneys
- bladder
what is the laboratory diagnosis of TB
- chest x-ray
- culturing from sputum
- blood test
- PCR
how is latent TB diagnosed
- PPD infected into skin where a positive is a hard red bump at the site
how is TB treated
- 6 month course of 4 antimicrobial drugs - isoniazid and rifampicin
what are the reasons for TB emergence
- increased travel
- increased population with lowered immunity
- multi-drug resistant and extensively drug resistance TB
