bacteria 2 Flashcards by Abigail Lowes

what are pathogenicity islands

rope like propellers, helically coiled protein subunits

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where are pathogenicity islands found

anchored in the membrane through hook and basal body which drives membrane potential

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what are the function of pathogenicity islands

allow cells to swim
use chemotaxis for direction

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what are capsules

made from polysaccharides
tightly bound around cells

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what are capsules unnecessary for

growth of bacteria

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what are the functions of capsules

survival in a host
adherence to other bacteria
adherence to host
barrier to toxic hydrophobic molecules

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what is the slime layer

usually made of polysaccharides
loosely bound to cells
produced by several pathogenic microbes

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what is the function of the slime layer

survival in host
adherence to other bacteria
adherence to host
barrier to toxic hydrophobic molecules

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what is pili

hairlike structures
often linear
contain protein subunits
tips contain binding proteins
can reach many times the length of the cell

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what is the function of pili

binding to host and other bacteria
F pili genetic transfer (F plasmid )

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what is endospores

produced by some gram positive bacteria
formed under harsh conditions
resistant to environmental factors

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what are the features of endospores

phase bright
dehydrate multi shelled structure
complete copy of chromosomes
essential proteins
ribosomes

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what is clostridium tetani

gram positive
spore forming bacteria
via wounds causing lockjaw

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how does clostridium tetani

aided by tetani toxin causing motor neurone hyperactivity
can progress to complete tetanic spasm

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what is bacillus anthracis

gram positive
spores forming causing anthrax infection
infects skin, lungs and digestive tract

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how does bacillus anthracis cause infection

aided by anthrax toxin causing cell death
often zoonotic infections eg. from animals to humans

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what is staphylococcus aureus

gram positive cocci
30% of people carriers
many strains eg. MRSA

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how to test for staphylococcus aureus

coagulase postive test

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who are at risk of staphylococcus aureus

surgery, intensive care, internal medical device, weak immune system

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what ate the symptoms of a staphylococcus aureus

minor skin - pimples, boils or other skin conditions

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what can staphylococcus aureus infections lead to

bloodstream - sepsis
lungs - pneumonia
heart valves - endocarditis
bone - osteomyelitis

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what is the coagulase test

thrombin like enzyme
converts fibrinogen –> fibrin —> clotting
- by blood plasma mixed with bacteria

what is clostridium botulinum

gram positive rod
produce resistant spores

how does clostridium botulinum cause infection

produce botulinum toxins under low oxygen conditions which causes neutrons to become blocked and paralysis

what are the causes of clostridium botulinum

contaminated food - canned/ bottled spores in honey

what are the symptoms of clostridium botulinum infections

respiratory and muscular paralysis

what is bacillus cereus

gram positive rods produce resistant spores

how does bacillus cereus cause disease

spores release enterotoxins which are harmful to the digestive system

what are the causes of bacillus cereus infections

contaminated food - rice, fish, meat, dairy and veg

what are the symptoms of bacillus cereus infections

emetic ( vomiting ) and diarrhoea

what is listeria monocytogenes

gram positive rods

who is at risk of listeria monocytogenes infections

pregnant, newborns, weakened immune system

what are the causes of listeria monocytogenes infections

contaminated foods

what are the symptoms of listeria monocytogenes infections

nausea diarrhoea vomiting stomach cramps high temperature

what are mycoplasma

smallest free living organisms usually gram positive no cell wall

what are mycobacteria

acid fast bacilli stained by ziehl neelsen stain

what causes gonorrhoeae

neisseria gonorrhoeae

what are the causes of gonorrhoeae

unprotected vaginal, oral and anal sex sharing sex toys

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoeae

thick green or yellow discharge from the vagina or penis pain when peeing bleeding between periods

what is escherichia coli

gram negative rods motile normally located in the gut may colonise lower end of urethra and vagina

what are the causes of escherichia coli

different strains - virulence factors activated

what are the symptoms of escherichia coli infections

depends on location UTI

what is vibrio cholerae

curved gram negative rods highly motile

what are the causes of vibrio cholerae infections

contamination of food and water

what is the treatment for vibrio cholerae infections

rehydration therapy antibiotics zinc supplements for children

what is salmonellosis

infections with salmonella spp gram negative rods motile capable of aerobic and anaerobic respiration

what are the causes of salmonellosis

contaminated foods

what are the symptoms of salmonella

nausea diarrhoea vomiting stomach cramps high temperature

what is treponema palladium

- syphilis - viewed by phase contract microscopy or sliver stain gran negative spirochetes

what causes syphilis

sexually transmitted

what are the symptoms of syphilis

small sores of penis, vagina or anus white or grey warty growths flu like symptoms pathway hair loss on head, beard or eyebrows

what is the treatments for syphilis

antibiotics

how is spirochetes viewed

by phase contrast microscopy or silver stain

what does borrelia burgdoferi cause

Lyme disease