human microbiome Flashcards
what is microbiota
normal flora of microbes that live in and on the human body
what is the human microbiome
specific community of microbes and the specific environment that they inhibit
what is dysbiosis
imbalance in the microorganism living together in the microbiome
what is symbiosis
interaction between two different organisms living a close physical association
what is commensalism
one species obtains benefit from another without either harming or benefiting the latter
what is mutualism
both species benefit from the relationship
what is parasitism
the host species is harmed by the other species
what is the human benefits of mutualism
- digestion
- vitamin synthesis
- weight regulation
- defence against pathogenic microorganisms
- regulate immune response
- mood/ behaviour effect
what microorganisms live in the stomach wall
acid tolerant lactobacilli and streptococci
what are the facultative aerobes in the GI tract
- escherichia
- enterococcus
- proteus
- klebsiella
what are the obligate anaerobes
- bacteroides
- bifdobacterium
- clostridium
what does the gut-brain axis
- immune system
- vagus nerve
- enteric nervous system
- neurodocine system
- circulatory system
what is the skin microbiome
- specialised microbes inhabit skin
- tolerate extreme conditions
what are the organisms in the skin microbiome
- staphylococcus
- corynebacterium
- acinetobacter
- cutibacterium
- malassezia
how does the skin microbiome play a protective role
- produces antibiotic molecules
what is the role of the conjunctiva in the eye microbiome
keeps moist by secretions from lachrymal glands so blinking washes away foreign objects and the also contain lysoenzymes
what are the bacteria in the eye microbiome
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus
Assorted Gram-negative bacteria
what is the significance of the mouth microbiome
- saliva contain lysozyme,e and other enzymes to kill bacteria
- water, nutrients, pH, temperate control types of organisms
what happens when strep secretes polysaccharides
- plaque formation creating other bacteria to accumulate
what happens when food particles accumulate in the mouth
bacteria growth –> anaerobic conditions —-> fermentation —-> acid waste products —> tooth decay, gingivitis and periodontal disease
what can be found in the nares microbiome
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus aureus
Corynebacteria
what can be found in the pharynx microbiome
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Neisseria meningitidis
what is the defence mechanism of the respiratory tract
Organisms cleared by mucus or cilia
Alveolar macrophages
Lysozyme in nasal mucus
how does the urinary tract prevent infection
flushes with urine every few hours so problem gaining access and becoming established
