lower plant phyla Flashcards
characteristics of lower plant phyla (2)
-no true roots, stems, or leaves
-reproduce via spores
what is the closest living relative to land plants and why?
GREEN ALGAE
-both have flagellated sperm & phargmoplasts
-rings of cellulose synth proteins
what are the 5 adaptations of facilitated colonization of land?
1) alteration of generations
2) multicellular dependent embryos
3) presence of walled spores produced in sporangia
4) multicellular gametangia
5) apical meristems
where do multicellular dependent embryos develop from and what do they do?
-develops from zygotes from tissue of female parent
-protects/provides nutrients for embryo
what are embryophytes?
placental cells that enhance transfer of nutrient to embryo
what are the M/F multicellular gametangia and what do they do for developing gametes?
female: archegonia
male: antheridia
-provide protective environment
what are two additional derived traits of lower phyla plants?
cuticle: wax layer that protects against microbes and drying out
stomata: pores that exchange O2/CO2 and open when its moist/cold
Nonvascular Plants
bryophytes: mosses, hornworts, liverworts
seedless vascular plants
lycophytes: club mosses
monilophytes: ferns
seeded vascular plants
gymnosperms: naked seeds
angiosperms: flowering plants
bryophyte phylums
1) hepatophyta
2) bryophyta
3) anthocerophyta
what do liverworts contain?
-sporophytes which contain seta and capsule
-contains gemma
are moss primarily gametophytes or sporophytes?
gametophytes
characteristics of ferns and seedless vascular plants (2)
sperm are flagellated
-not dependent on gametophytes for nutrition
what are characteristics of extant vascular plants?
-dominant life cycle = sporophyte
-well developed roots/leaves (sporophylls)
name and describe the transport organs in vascular tissue
xylem: carries water/mineral through plant
linen: strengthens water conducting cells
phloem: tubes that distribute sugars/AA
what are the 3 types of leaves?
microphylls: small leaves supported by single strand of vascular tissue
megaphylls: highly branched systems
sporophylls: contain sporangia, form strobili
what are the most ancient vascular plants?
seedless (lycophyta)
what is the significance of seedless vascular plants? (3)
-early forests in carboniferous period decreased CO2 levels
-global cooling
-coal deposits
