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exam 3 wp Flashcards

1
Q

what do animal tissues develop from and what are cells supported by?

A

tissues develop from embryonic layers and cells are supported by collagen (proteins)

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2
Q

how does the zygote develop into the blastula?

A

zygote undergoes mitotic divisions of cell cleavage 3 times to result in an 8 cell embryo

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3
Q

what happens to the 8 cell embryo after it is formed?

A

it cleaves again to produce blastula

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4
Q

what happen after the blastula is formed?

A

it undergoes gastrulation where the embryo folds inward to produce 3 layers of cells

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5
Q

what are hox genes?

A

control of expression of genes that influence morphology during embryonic development

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6
Q

what are required for the origin of multicellularity and what do they form?

A

cells adhere to and signal each other

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7
Q

what are cadherines?

A

genes that encode proteins that play key roles in how animals attach to one another and cell signaling pathways

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8
Q

what animals did the ediacaran biota consist of?

A

molluscs, sponges, cnidarians

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9
Q

what did this era provide evidence for?

A

early animal embryos and predadation

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10
Q

when was the paleozoic era?

A

542-251 mya

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11
Q

when was the cambrian explosion?

A

535-525 mya

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12
Q

what main animals appeared right after the cambrian explosion?

A

arthropods, chordates, echinoderms

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13
Q

what evolutions arose from the cambrian explosion?

A

complete digestive tract, advanced locomotion, coevolution b/w predator/prey

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14
Q

what animals arose after the cambrian explosion?

A

amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals

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15
Q

when was the mesozoic era?

A

251-65.5 mya

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16
Q

what was significant about the amimal phylas in the mesozoic era?

A

animal from the paleozoic began to spread to new habitats

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17
Q

what lead to the origin of flight equipment in the mesozoic?

A

evolution of tetrapods

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18
Q

what new animals appeared in the mesozoic era?

A

small/large dinosaurs emerge along with first small bodied animals

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19
Q

what main event occured in the cenozoic?

A

mass extinction of terrestrial and marine animals

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20
Q

what are coeloms?

A

fluid/air filled space located b/w digestive tract and outer body wall

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21
Q

pseudocoelomates

A

posses a pseudocoelom formed from mesoderm and endoderm where organs lie freely

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22
Q

how are modes of development distinguished by?

A

differences in cleavage, coelom, fate of blastopore

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23
Q

protostome development cleavage planes

A

8 cell stage with plans offset to the cells above (spiral and determinate)

24
Q

protostome development steps (3)

A

1) 8 cell stage leads to coelom when mesoderm splits
2) blastopore forms after grastulation
3) opening becomes mouth

25
deuterostome cleavage planes
perpendicular or parallel to vertical axis of embryo (radial and indeterminate)
26
deuterostome development steps (2)
1) coelom forms from gastrulation 2) blastopore becomes anus
27
what are choanocytes?
flagellated cells with collars that aid in filter feeding
28
what do amoebocytes do?
they take up food and carry nutrients to other cells and manufacture skeletal fibers
29
what are cnidocytes and nematocysts?
1) cells used for defense and capture prey 2) nematocysts contain stinging thread that penetrates body wall
30
what are the two clades?
medusozoans: produce a medusa and go through alternation of generations anthozoans: polyp formed only, sea anemones and corals
31
What is the function of protonephridia in flatworms?
network of tubules that maintain osmotic balance by pulling fluid through branched ducts
32
What are trematodes?
Parasitic flatworms like the human liver fluke
33
What are the reproductive characteristics of trematodes?
Alternating sexual/asexual stages
34
What is a defining characteristic of tapeworms?
Lack a mouth and gastrovascular cavity
35
What are the three main parts of the Mollusca body plan?
Muscular foot for locomotion Visceral mass containing most internal organs Mantle that covers the visceral mass and connects it to its shell
36
What is the mantle cavity in Mollusca?
A water-filled chamber that houses gills, anus, and excretory pores
37
Describe the body structure of chitons.
Oval shaped body composed of 8 dorsal plates
38
What class do clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops belong to?
Class Bivalvia
39
what organisms are included in phylum nematoda?
roundworms, ascaris, hookworm, pork worm (trichinella), filarial worms
40
what are the nematode evolutionary adaptations?
1) high reproductive potential 2) increased likelihood of transmission 3) enzyme resistant cuticle/eggs 4) encysted larvae
41
what body characteristics do chelicerata have?
no antennae, simple eyes, two body regions, 8 legs
42
what are the two body regions in chelicerata?
prosoma and opisthosoma
43
what do the heads of diplopoda/chilopoda organisms contain?
antennae and 3 pairs of appendages modified as mouth parts
44
what is incomplete metamorphosis?
young nymph resembles adults but are smaller, have diff proportions, and lack wings
45
why is the presence of a notochord important?
provides support for the body, forms part of gelatinous disks b/w vertebrates in humans
45
what are the derived characteristics of chordates? (4)
1) presence of a notochord 2) dorsal, hollow nerve tube 3) pharyngeal slits or clefts 4) post anal tail
46
compare the larvae with the adult tunicates
all characteristics are visible in the larva, adults only maintain the pharynx
47
what are the 2 main characteristics of vertebrates?
2 or more sets of hox genes and the development of the skull and backbone
48
what organism is in the class myxini and what are their characteristics?
hagfish, no jaw, backbone, or notochord, secretes slime to repel predators
49
how did bones/teeth arise in vertebrates?
bony skeletons were a later development, mineralization likely began in the mouth
50
when did the first gnathostome fossils appear?
440 mya
51
what are placoderms?
an extinct lineage of armored vertebrates
52
what are some characteristics of the organisms of osteichthyes?
bony fishes, have ossified endoskeleton, operculum, swim bladder
53
what organisms are in the class actinopterygii and what do they contain?
ray finned fishes with bony rays
54
what organisms are in the class sarcopterygii?
lobe finned fishes
55
what are the 3 lineages still alive today?
coelacanths, lungfishes, and the lineage that gave rise to tetrapods
56
what suggests that lungfishes may be ancestral to modern terrestrial vertebrates?
presence of functional lungs

bio 2 final (9 decks)

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