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bio 2 final > exam 4 wp > Flashcards

exam 4 wp Flashcards

1
Q

What determines an animal’s function?

A

Its structure

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2
Q

What are fundamental aspects of an animal’s form?

A

Size and shape

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3
Q

What limits the range of animal forms?

A

Laws governing strength, diffusion, and heat exchange

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4
Q

What adaptations help animals maximize exchange?

A

Flattened shape, thin cell layers, and extensively branched or folded surfaces

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5
Q

what do fibers do?

A

provide support and structure to shapeless ground structure

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6
Q

what are the characteristics of elastic fibers and where are they found?

A

found throughout matrix, allows stretching in skin, lungs, and blood vessels

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7
Q

what do reticular fibers do?

A

aid in joint connection

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8
Q

besides filter, substrate, and bulk feeders what is one other mechanisms of feeding?

A

fluid

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9
Q

What are the three main dietary needs for an adequate diet?

A

Chemical energy for cellular processes.

Organic building blocks for macromolecules.

Essential nutrients

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10
Q

What are essential nutrients and some examples?

A

Preassembled organic molecules

amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals.

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11
Q

How does the endocrine system regulate digestion?

A

It releases hormones from the stomach and duodenum to control digestive secretions

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12
Q

What are the two main parts of the mammalian digestive system?

A

Alimentary canal (digestive tract).

Accessory glands (secrete digestive juices via ducts).

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13
Q

what does pepsin do in gastric juice?

A

enzyme that breaks proteins into polypeptides

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14
Q

What is the function of the pancreas in digestion?

A

Produces an alkaline solution that neutralizes stomach acid

Secretes digestive enzymes.

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15
Q

What is the function of the liver in digestion?

A

Produces bile, which helps emulsify fats.

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16
Q

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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17
Q

Besides regulating nutrient distribution and detoxifying, what is one other thing the liver does?

A

stores energy rich molecules

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18
Q

What are two adaptations that allow for effective exchange in animals?

A
  1. A body plan that places many or all cells in direct contact with the environment
  2. A circulatory system that connects cells to organs involved in gas exchange, nutrient absorption, and waste removal.
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19
Q

What are the three main components of a circulatory system?

A
  1. Circulatory fluid
  2. Interconnecting vessels to transport the fluid.
  3. Muscular pump (heart)
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20
Q

How does circulation occur in an open circulatory system? (3)

A
  1. heart pumps hemolymph into sinuses
  2. lymph bathes organs
  3. heart relaxes to draw back hemolymph
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21
Q

What allows efficient exchange in closed circulatory systems?

A

Capillaries are numerous and close to all cells

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22
Q

How do portal veins differ from other veins?

A

Portal veins carry blood between two capillary beds

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23
Q

why is gas exchange important?

A

essential for organisms that rely on oxygen to produce ATP through cellular respiration.

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24
Q

What are the key characteristics of respiratory surfaces?

A

Aqueous solution: Cells involved in gas exchange must be in contact with water to enable simple diffusion.

Gas exchange is more efficient with large surface area (SA) and a short diffusion distance.

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25
What is osmoregulation?
process by which animals control solute concentration and balance water gain and loss to maintain homeostasis.
25
What are lungs, and how do they function in terrestrial animals?
Lungs are infoldings of the body surface Gas exchange occurs within alveoli, and the lungs must be connected to the circulatory system for nutrient and oxygen transport.
26
How do osmoconformers manage water balance?
Osmoconformers live in stable water environments
27
What adaptations do land animals have to reduce water loss?
Waxy cuticle Exoskeleton Keratinized skin cells Nocturnal behavior
28
Besides drinking water and eating moist foods, now to land animals maintain water balance?
producing water through cellular respiration
29
What are the functions of the mammalian kidneys?
serve both excretory and osmoregulatory functions
30
How does hormone regulation affect blood osmolarity?
When blood osmolarity increases, osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus trigger the release of ADH, causing thirst and brings blood osmolarity back down
31
What are the two main regions of the kidney?
Renal cortex: The outer layer of the kidney Renal medulla: The inner layer of the kidney
32
How does blood flow through the kidneys? (3)
1. Blood enters the kidney via the renal artery, which branches into capillaries 2. Materials from the blood are passed into excretory tubules for processing. 3. Processed fluid exits via the renal vein.
33
What is the role of juxtamedullary nephrons?
produce hyperosmotic urine
34
What is the basic structure of a nephron?
long tubule and a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus surrounded by bowman's capsule
35
How is filtrate formed in the glomerulus?
formed when blood pressure forces fluids from the blood in the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule
35
What happens during reabsorption in the nephron? (3)
1. Proximal tubule (closest to glomerulus). 2. Loop of Henle. 3. Distal tubule, which connects to the collecting duct.
36
what are the advantages of sexual reproduction? (4)
1) unique combinations og genes/varied offspring 2) many enhance reproductive success as parents 3) speed up adaptation 4) allows population to rid itself of sets of harmful genes
37
in what order does the sperm pass through ducts?
sperm produces in seminiferous tubules -> passes to epididymis -> vas deferens -> extends around bladder and joins to ejaculatory duct -> urethra
38
what does the seminal vesicle produce and what does the fluid contain?
produces thick, basic fluid that contains mucus, fructose, prostaglandins, and a coagulating enzyme
39
what does the prostate gland produce and what does the fluid contain?
produces a thin, milky fluid to the urethra that contains an coagulating enzyme and citrate
40
where does the oviduct extend to and from?
extends from uterus toward a funnel like opening at each ovary
41
What do estradiol and progesterone do in this cycle?
Prepare the uterus for possible implantation.
42
What hormone does the hypothalamus secrete to control reproduction and what does this hormone stimulate?
GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete gonadotropins (FSH and LH).
43
What does FSH do in the male reproductive system?
Stimulates Sertoli cells to nourish developing sperm.
44
What does LH do in the male reproductive system?
Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone and other androgens, promoting spermatogenesis.
45
How does testosterone regulate its own production?
Through negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
46
What does FSH do in the ovarian cycle?
Stimulates follicle growth.
46
What produces estradiol in the ovarian cycle?
Growing follicles.
47
What stimulates the positive feedback loop in the ovarian cycle?
High levels of estradiol.
48
What are the stages of the ovarian cycle?
1) Growing follicle, 2) Ovulation, 3) Formation of corpus luteum.
49
What happens during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
Corpus luteum thickens the endometrium.
50
What hormone does the embryo secrete in the 1st trimester to signal its presence and what does it do?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): maintains secretion of progesterone and estrogen
51
What triggers labor?
Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions (positive feedback loop).
51
What is colostrum?
A high-protein fluid rich in maternal antibodies, produced in the first few days after birth.
52
What is muscle contraction powered by?
Chemical energy from ATP.
53
Which two compounds help replenish ATP for muscle contractions?
Creatine phosphate and glycogen
54
How is glycogen used for ATP?
It’s broken down to glucose and metabolized aerobically.
55
Which proteins block the myosin-binding sites at rest?
Tropomyosin and the troponin complex.
55
What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine (ACh).
56
What does ACh trigger in the muscle fiber?
Depolarization and an action potential.
57
What causes calcium release into the cytosol?
An action potential traveling down transverse tubules.

bio 2 final (9 decks)

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