Lower Plant Phyla Flashcards
characteristics of lower plant phyla
-no true roots, stems, or leaves
-reproduce via spores
what is the closest living relative to land plants?
GREEN ALGAE
-both have flagellated sperm & phargmoplasts
-rings of cellulose synth proteins
what are the 5 adaptations of facilitated colonization of land?
1) alteration of generations
2) multicellular dependent embryos
3) presence of walled spores produced in sporangia
4) multicellular gametangia
5) apical meristems
describe alternation of generations
plants switch between multicellular gametophyte (n) & multicellular sporophyte (2n)
sporophyte = meiosis
gametophyte = mitosis
describe multicellular dependent embryos
-develops from zygotes from tissue of female parent
-protects/provides nutrients for embryo
what are embryophytes?
placental cells that enhance transfer of nutrient to embryo through ingrowths of cell
describe the presence of walled spores produced in sporangia
-spores help germinate
-sporocytes go through meiosis
describe multicellular gametangia
female: archegonia
male: antheridia
-provide protective environment for developing gametes
describe apical meristems
-plants/roots grow longer to survive
-cells produced by apical meristems differ above/below ground
-involves allelopathy
what are two additional derived traits of lower phyla plants?
cuticle: wax layer that protects against microbes and drying out
stomata: pores that exchange O2/CO2 and open when its moist/cold
what is vascular tissue?
tubes that transport water/nutrients through plant
Nonvascular Plants
bryophytes: mosses, hornworts, liverworts
seedless vascular plants
lycophytes: club mosses
monilophytes: ferns
seeded vascular plants
gymnosperms: naked seeds
angiosperms: flowering plants
nonvascular plant phylogeny
-basal to vascular plants
-NOT monophyletic (vascular are)
-basal taxa: liverworts
bryophyte phylums
1) hepatophyta
2) bryophyta
3) anthocerophyta
hepatophyta
-liverworts
-sporophytes contain seta and capsule
-contains gemma
bryophyta
-moss
-primarily gametophytes
anthocerophyta
-hornworts
-only consists of sporangia (capsule)
gametophyte structure
-seta = stalk
-capsule = sporangia (contains peristomes)
-foot absorbs nutrients and attaches to female gametophyte
characteristics of ferns and seedless vascular plants
-sperm are flagellated
-not dependent on gametophytes for nutrition
what are characteristics of extant vascular plants?
-dominant life cycle = sporophyte
-well developed roots/leaves (sporophylls)
name and describe the transport organs in vascular tissue
xylem: carries water/mineral through plant
linen: strengthens water conducting cells
phloem: tubes that distribute sugars/AA
what are the 3 types of leaves?
microphylls: small leaves supported by single strand of vascular tissue
megaphylls: highly branched systems
sporophylls: contain sporangia, form strobili
