Higher Plant Phyla

Question 1

what are the evolutions of seedless vascular plants?

Answer 1

-send consists of embryo and food supply

-surrounded by protective coat

Question 2

how do plants cope with droughts, UV radiation, and water not being required for fertilization?

Answer 2

-reduced gametophytes

-heterospory

-ovules and pollen

Question 3

what are gymnosperms and angiosperms?

Answer 3

gymnosperms: naked seeds… conifers, cycads, ginkgo

angiosperms: flowering plants

Question 4

describe reduced gametophytes

Answer 4

-simplified gametophyte generation in life cycle

-develops from spores retained within sporangia

-sporophyte is dominant step

Question 5

what is the internment?

Answer 5

layer of sporophyte tissue that protects megasporangium

Question 6

what is pollination and where does the microspore develop?

Answer 6

-microspore develops in pollen grain

-pollination occurs when a germinating pollen grain forms a pollen tube that spreads sperm

Question 7

what eventually happens to the integumentary and the megasporangium?

Answer 7

integumentary = seed coat

megasporangium = food supply

Question 8

gymnosperm seed characteristics

Answer 8

contains naked seeds exposed on sporophylls that form strobili

Question 9

geological time scale of gymnosperms

Answer 9

-1st seed plants 360 mya

-gymnosperm fossils 305 mya

-thrived in dry climates, had thick cuticles and needle shaped leaves

Question 10

what are the gymnosperm phylums?

Answer 10

1) cycadophyta
2) ginkgophyta
3) gnetophyta
4) coniferophyta

Question 11

phylum cycadophyta

Answer 11

-cycads

-large cones w/ palm like leaves

-flagellated sperm/ most endangered

-thrived during dinosaurs/mesozoic

Question 12

phylum ginkgophyta

Answer 12

-ginkgo biloba

-flagellated sperm with fan like leaves

-females have round structures

-tolerates air pollution

Question 13

phylum gnetophyta

Answer 13

-mormon tea or ephedra

-tropical and desert climates

Question 14

phylum coniferophyta

Answer 14

-largest gymnosperm phylum (600 species)

-evergreens an junipers

Question 15

angiosperms

Answer 15

-flowering plants ( most diverse)

-phylum anthophyta

-coevolution b/w flowers and pollinators

-140 mya in early cretaceous/end of mesozoic

Question 16

methods of pollination

Answer 16

1) win
2) bees
3) bats
4) birds

Question 17

adaptations of fruits

Answer 17

-ovary wall = fruit

Question 18

characteristics of basal angiosperms

Answer 18

-oldest lineage

-magnolias

-monocots/eudicots

Question 19

monocot characteristics

Answer 19

-orchids, grass, corn, crops, wheat, palms

-veins are parallel

-flowers in multiples of 3

Question 20

eudicot characteristics

Answer 20

-2/3 angiosperms, peas/beans, rose strawberries, apples, oak

-veins netlike

-multiples of 4 or 5