fungi Flashcards
are fungi plants and who are they most closely related to?
no, and animals due to heterotrophic nutrition
what are some significances of fungi?
-break down organic matter
-manufacturing products/antibiotics
-food source
how do fungi absorb nutrients?
by secreting hydrolytic enzymes that break down molecules into smaller units (digestion is extracellular)
what do decomposes do?
break down and absorb nutrients from non living organic material
what do parasites do?
they absorb nutrients from cells of a living host
what is mutualistic nutrition?
absorbs nutrients from host but reciprocates with actions that benefit the host
what interaction forms with mutualistic nutrition?
- interactions with roots, known as mycorrhizae, which improve delivery of phosphate ions
- plant supplies fungi with organic nutrients in return
describe the structure of most fungi
- contains multicellular filaments which enhance ability to grow into and absorb surroundings
- the filaments are called hyphae that branch throughout the fruiting body
what do hyphae form?
mycelium that infiltrates the material on which the fungus feeds
what are cell walls strengthened by?
chitin
what are arbuscules?
specialized structures on hyphae that allow the fungi to extract nutrients from or exchange nutrients with plant hosts
how are spores spread?
wind and water
what do the mycelium give rise to in asexual reproduction in fungi, mold, and ascomycetes?
fungi: spore producing structures
mold: sporangia
ascomycetes: canidiophores
describe the asexual mechanisms of fungi?
- grow as filamentous that produce haploid spores by mitosis (molds)
- cell divisions
-pinching buds off parent cells
fungal phylogenetics
- chytrids are basal taxa (polytomy)
-zygomycetes (polytomy)
-glomeromycetes are more closely related to ascomycetes and basidiomycetes (sister taxa)
where are chytrids found and what do they contain?
- found in lakes/soil
- contains zoospores
what are zoospores?
flagellated spores that can swim in water
what happens to amphibians with chytridomycosis?
- impairs electrolyte transport
- causes outer layer of skin to thicken
- requires warm, moist environments at about 23 celsius
what are zygomycetes and what do they grow as?
molds that grow as filamentous fungi
what do glomeromycetes form?
arbuscular mycorrhizae with plant roots
what are ascomycetes and what do they do?
sac fungi that produce spores in saclike structures called asci and ascocarps which are fruiting bodies
what are crustose, foliose, and fruticose lichens?
crustose: crust that adheres to substrate
foliose: flattened leafy thalli
fruticose: shrubby/bushy appearance consisting of thallus and holdfast
what are endophytes?
they live within leaves that release toxic compounds which protects the plant as they take nutrients from leaves (mutualistic)
what do basidiomycetes contain?
- basidiocarps are elaborate fruiting bodies
- basidia produce basidiospores
how do fairy rings form?
- mycelium grows outward in a circle looking for nutrients
-mycelium secretes chemicals into ground which break down matter to release nutrients
