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Human Anatomy > Lower Limb: Thigh Region > Flashcards

Lower Limb: Thigh Region Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: The hip bone consists of three fused bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

A

True

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2
Q

Which of the following landmarks are important bony landmarks of the ilium? Select all that apply.

Anterior superior iliac spine
Gluteal surface
Lesser sciatic notch
Greater sciatic notch
Inferior ramus

A

Anterior superior iliac spine
Gluteal surface
Greater sciatic notch

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3
Q

True or false: The bodies of the ilium, ischium, and pubis form the acetabulum.

A

True

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4
Q

Which of the following bony landmarks of the femur is best seen in an anterior view?

A. Intertrochanteric line
B. Intertrochanteric crest
C. Gluteal tuberosity
D. Pectineal Lin
E. Lines aspera

A

A

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5
Q

Which of the following bony landmarks is palpated laterally in the hip region?

A. Anterior superior iliac spine
B. Ischial tuberosity
C. Greater trochanter of the femur

A

C

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6
Q

Which of the following ligaments convert the greater and lesser sciatic notches into foramen? Select all that apply.

Ishciofemoral
Sacrospinous
Sacrotuberous
Iliofemoral
Sacroiliac

A

Sacrospinous
Sacrotuberous

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7
Q

Which of the following ligaments helps prevent excessive abduction of the hip joint?

A. Ischiofemoral ligament
B. Pubofemoral ligament
C. Iliofemoral ligament

A

B

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8
Q

What bones make up the pelvic girdle? Select all that apply.

Ilium
Ischium
Sacrum
Pubis
Coccyx
Femoral head

A

Ilium
Ischium
Sacrum
Pubis

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9
Q

Which bones make up the hip bone? Select all that apply.

Ilium
Ischium
Sacrum
Pubis
Coccyx
Femoral head

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

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10
Q

What bony landmarks articulate to form the sacroiliac joint?

A. Sacrum and articular surface of ilium
B. Articular surface of ilium and femoral head
C. Sacral tuberosity and articular surface of ilium
D. Ischial tuberosity and articular surface of ilium

A

A

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11
Q

What bony landmarks articulate to form the hip joint?

A. Ischial tuberosity and acetabulum of hip bone
B. Acetabulum of hip bone and femoral head
C. Femoral head and articular surface of ilium
D. Sacral tuberosity and acetabulum of hip bone

A

B

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12
Q

Which ligaments stabilize the sacroiliac joint?

A. Anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments
B. Interosseous sacroiliac ligaments
C. Sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments
D. All of the above

A

D

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13
Q

Which ligaments stabilize the joint capsule of the hip joint?

A. Anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments
B. Interosseous sacroiliac ligaments
C. Sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments
D. All of the above

A

A

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14
Q

Which ligament prevents excessive hyperextension of the hip?

A. Anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments
B. Interosseous sacroiliac ligaments
C. Sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments
D. All of the above

A

C

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15
Q

Which bursa overlies the greater trochanter of the femur?

A. Iliopectineal bursa (iliopsoas bursa)
B. Ischiogluteal bursa
C. Trochanteric bursa

A

C

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16
Q

Which ligament is the yellow ligament in the image attached?

A. Anterior sacroiliac ligament
B. Interosseous sacroiliac ligament
C. Sacrospinous ligament
D. Sacrotuberous ligament

A

D

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17
Q

Which ligament is the purple ligament in the image attached?

A. Anterior sacroiliac ligament
B. Interosseous sacroiliac ligament
C. Sacrospinous ligament
D. Sacrotuberous ligament

A

C

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18
Q

Which ligament is the orange ligament in the image attached?

A. Anterior sacroiliac ligament
B. Interosseous sacroiliac ligament
C. Sacrospinous ligament
D. Sacrotuberous ligament

A

B

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19
Q

Which ligament is the blue ligament in the image attached?

A. Anterior sacroiliac ligament
B. Interosseous sacroiliac ligament
C. Sacrospinous ligament
D. Sacrotuberous ligament

A

A

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20
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Lesser trochanter

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21
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Gluteal tuberosity

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22
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Linda aspera (medial lip and lateral lip)

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23
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Trochanteric fossa

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24
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Lateral condyle

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25
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Medial supracondyle/supracondylar line

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26
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Intercondylar fossa

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27
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Pectineal line

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28
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Adductor tubercle

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29
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Medial epicondyle

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30
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Intertrochanteric crest

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31
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Head of femur

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32
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Neck of femur

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33
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Greater trochanter

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34
Q

Which ligament prevents excessive adduction and flexion of the hip?

A. Pubofemoral ligament
B. Ischiofemoral ligament
C. Iliofemoral ligament

A

B

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35
Q

Which ligaments prevents excessive rotation of the hip?

A. Pubofemoral and Iliofemoral ligaments
B. Sacrospinous and sacrotuberal ligaments
C. Anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments
D. Ischiofemoral and interosseous sacroiliac ligaments

A

B

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36
Q

Which ligaments anchor the sacrum to the ilium?

A. Pubofemoral ligaments
B. Sacrospinous and scarotuberal ligaments
C. Anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments
D. Interosseous sacroiliac ligaments

A

D

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37
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Iliac crest (ilium)

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38
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine (“ASIS”) (ilium)

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39
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Anterior inferior iliac spine (“AIIS”) (ilium)

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40
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Wing (“ala”) (ilium)

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41
Q

What are the names of these bony landmarks? What part of the hip bone are they a part of?

A

A. Posterior gluteal line (ilium)
B. Anterior gluteal line (ilium)
C. Inferior gluteal line (ilium)

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42
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Iliac fossa

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43
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Posterior superior iliac spine (“PSIS”) (ilium)

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44
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Posterior inferior iliac spine (“PIIS”) (ilium)

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45
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Body of ilium

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46
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Articular surface of ilium (articulates with sacrum)

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47
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Iliac tuberosity (ilium)

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48
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Greater sciatic notch (ilium)

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49
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Body of ischium

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50
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Ischial spine (ischium)

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51
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Lesser sciatic notch (ischium)

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52
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Ramus of the ischium

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53
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Ischial tuberosity (ischium)

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54
Q

What is the name of the structure that joins the left and right pubic bones?

A

Pubic symphysis

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55
Q

True or false: The pubis forms the posterior part of the acetabulum.

A

False

It forms the ANTERIOR part

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56
Q

True or false: the ilium is both the superior part of the hip bone and superior part of the acetabulum.

A

True

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57
Q

True or false: Both the greater and lesser sciatic notches are on the ilium of the hip bone.

A

False

The GREATER sciatic notch is on the ILIUM, while the LESSER sciatic notch is on the ISCHIUM.

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58
Q

True or false: All three hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis) have bodies.

A

True

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59
Q

True or false: All three hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis) have rami.

A

False

The ISCHIUM has a ramus inferiorly. The PUBIS has superior and inferior rami. The ILIUM DOES NOT have rami.

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60
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Obturator foramen

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61
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Pecten pubis (pubis)

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62
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Superior ramus (pubis)

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63
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Inferior ramus (pubis)

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64
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark? What part of the hip bone is it a part of?

A

Pubic tubercle (pubis)

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65
Q

True or false: The ilium and ischium form the obturator foramen.

A

False

The ISCHIUM and PUBIS form the obturator foramen.

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66
Q

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the obturator foramen?

A. Ilium
B. Ischium
C. Pubis
D. They all contribute to the obturator foramen.

A

A

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67
Q

What are the names of the region/s within the proximal segment of the lower limb?

A. Foot region
B. Leg region
C. Pelvic girdle and thigh regions

A

C

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68
Q

What are the names of the region/s within the intermediate segment of the lower limb?

A. Foot region
B. Leg region
C. Pelvic girdle and thigh regions

A

B

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69
Q

What are the names of the region/s within the terminal segment of the lower limb?

A. Foot region
B. Leg region
C. Pelvic girdle and thigh regions

A

C

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70
Q

The knee joint links which two segments of the lower limb?

A. Proximal and terminal
B. Proximal and intermediate
C. Intermediate and terminal

A

B

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71
Q

The talocrural (ankle) joint links which two segments of the lower limb?

A. Proximal and terminal
B. Proximal and intermediate
C. Intermediate and terminal

A

C

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72
Q

The femur is a part of which region of the lower limb?

A. Pelvic girdle
B. Thigh region
C. Leg region
D. Foot region

A

B

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73
Q

The sacrum is a part of which region of the lower limb?

A. Pelvic girdle
B. Thigh region
C. Leg region
D. Foot region

A

A

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74
Q

The tarsals are a part of which region of the lower limb?

A. Pelvic girdle
B. Thigh region
C. Leg region
D. Foot region

A

D

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75
Q

The fibula is a part of which region of the lower limb?

A. Pelvic girdle
B. Thigh region
C. Leg region
D. Foot region

A

C

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76
Q

The sacroiliac joint is a part of which region of the lower limb?

A. Pelvic girdle
B. Thigh region
C. Leg region
D. Foot region

A

A

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77
Q

The metatarsophalangeal joint is a part of which region of the lower limb?

A. Pelvic girdle
B. Thigh region
C. Leg region
D. Foot region

A

D

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78
Q

The superior tibiofibular joint is a part of which region of the lower limb?

A. Pelvic girdle
B. Thigh region
C. Leg region
D. Foot region

A

C

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79
Q

The majority of the blood supply to the lower limb arises from branches of which artery?

A. Tibial artery
B. Fibular artery
C. Femoral artery
D. Brachial artery

A

C

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80
Q

What is the major joint type found in the lower limb?

A

Synovial

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81
Q

What is the name of the structure that gives rise to the multi segmental peripheral nerves of the lower limb?

A

Lumbosacral plexus

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82
Q

What functions are the lower limbs specialized for?

A

Walking, weight bearing, maintaining balance

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83
Q

Which of the following muscles are muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh? Select all that apply.

Pectineus
Adductor longus
Iliopsoas
Rectus femoris
Gracilis

A

Pectineus
Iliopsoas
Rectus femoris

84
Q

True or false: The femoral nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh.

85
Q

Which of the following muscles originates from the anterior superior iliac spine?

A. Sartorius
B. Rectus femoris
C. Vastus femoris
D. Vastus medialis

86
Q

True or false: All of the muscles of the quadriceps femoris insert on the head of the fibula.

A

False

They insert on the head of the TIBIA

87
Q

Which of the following muscles will flex the hip joint and extend the knee joint?

A. Sartorius
B. Rectus femoris
C. Pectineus
D. Vastus lateralis

88
Q

Which of the following muscles are muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh region? Select all that apply.

Gracilis
Adductor longus
Vastus lateralis
Sartorius
Obturator externus

A

Gracilis
Adductor longus
Obturator externus

89
Q

Which of the following muscles receives innervation from both the obturator and tibial nerves?

A. Adductor longus
B. Adductor brevis
C. Adductor magnus
D. Obturator externus

90
Q

Which of the following muscles has an origin point from the body of the pubis? Select all that apply.

Gracilis
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Obturator externus

A

Gracilis
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis

91
Q

Which muscle will produce an action at both the hip and knee joints?

A. Adductor magnus
B. Obturator externus
C. Adductor longus
D. Gracilis

92
Q

Which of the following muscles inserts on the superior part of the tibia via the pes anserinus? Select all that apply.

Adductor magnus
Sartorius
Obturator externus
Gracilis
Adductor longus

A

Sartorius
Gracilis

93
Q

Which of the following structures are considered borders of the femoral triangle? Select all that apply.

Adductor magnus
Inguinal ligament
Sartorius
Adductor longus

A

Inguinal ligament
Sartorius
Adductor longus

94
Q

True or false: The femoral nerve, artery, and vein transition from the pelvic region to the anterior compartment of the thigh via the femoral triangle.

95
Q

True or false: The adductor canal transmits the femoral artery and nerve to the popliteal fossa.

A

False

The adductor canal transmits the femoral artery and VEIN (not nerve) to the popliteal fossa.

96
Q

True or false: The femoral nerve will supply motor innervation to the anterior compartment of the thigh and skin over the anterior aspect of the thigh.

97
Q

True or false: The femoral artery supplies the medial compartment of the thigh and the head of the femur with blood.

A

False

The OBTURATOR artery supplies the medial compartment of the thigh and head of femur with blood

98
Q

True or false: The adductor canal and adductor hiatus are the same passageway.

A

FALSE

The adductor CANAL extends longitudinally down the femur, the adductor HIATUS is a small passage near the knee

99
Q

True or false: The adductor canal extends from the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus.

100
Q

True or false: The femoral nerve and obturator nerve are both derived from the roots of spinal nerves L2-L4.

101
Q

The anterior thigh receives sensory innervation from all of the following nerves EXCEPT?

A. Cutaneous branch of the obturator nerve
B. Lateral cutaneous nerve
C. Anterior cutaneous nerve

A

A

The cutaneous branch supplies the skin over the medial compartment

102
Q

The external iliac artery transitions to the femoral artery as it crosses which landmark?

A. Iliac crest
B. Iliopsoas
C. Femoral head
D. Inguinal ligament

103
Q

Which vessels pass from the thigh to the knee via the adductor canal?

A

Femoral artery and femoral vein

104
Q

The anastomoses of the head and neck of the femur are formed by which of the following? Select all that apply.

Obturator artery
Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Perforating arteries
Popliteal artery

A

Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Medial circumflex femoral artery

105
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name the origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Sartorius (anterior compartment)

ORIGIN: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

INSERTION: anteromedial surface of superior tibia via pes anserinus (superior)

INNERVATION: femoral nerve

ACTION: hip flexion, abduction, and external rotation; knee flexion

106
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name the origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Pectineus (anterior compartment)

ORIGIN: superior ramus of pubis

INSERTION: pectineal line of femur

INNERVATION: femoral nerve

ACTION: hip flexion and adduction; assists with medial rotation

107
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name the origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Iliopsoas (anterior compartment)

ORIGIN: Iliacus—iliac crest, iliac fossa, sacrum; Psoas—transverse processes of T12-L5

INSERTION: lesser trochanter of femur

INNERVATION: femoral nerve

ACTION: hip flexion

108
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name the origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Rectus femoris (quadriceps femoris)

ORIGIN: anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIC)

INSERTION: base of patella and tibial tuberosity (indirectly via patellar ligament)

INNERVATION: femoral nerve

ACTION: hip flexion; knee extension

109
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name the origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Vastus Lateralis (quadriceps femoris)

ORIGIN: greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera

INSERTION: base of patella and tibial tuberosity (indirectly via patellar ligament)

INNERVATION: femoral nerve

ACTION: knee extension

110
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name the origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Vastus Medialis (quadriceps femoris)

ORIGIN: Intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera

INSERTION: base of patella and tibial tuberosity (indirectly via patellar ligament)

INNERVATION: femoral nerve

ACTION: knee extension

111
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name the origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Vastus Intermedius (quadriceps femoris)

ORIGIN: anterior and lateral surfaces of shaft of femur

INSERTION: base of patella and tibial tuberosity (indirectly via patellar ligament)

INNERVATION: femoral nerve

ACTION: knee extension

112
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name the origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Gracilis (medial compartment)

ORIGIN: body and inferior ramus of pubis

INSERTION: medial surface of superior tibia via pes anserinus (middle)

INNERVATION: obturator nerve

ACTION: hip adduction; knee flexion and medial rotation

113
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name the origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Adductor longus (medial compartment)

ORIGIN: body of pubis

INSERTION: middle 1/3 of linea aspera of femur

INNERVATION: obturator nerve

ACTION: hip adduction

114
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name the origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Adductor brevis (medial compartment)

ORIGIN: body and inferior ramus of pubis

INSERTION: pectineal line and linea aspera (proximally)

INNERVATION: obturator nerve

ACTION: hip adduction; assists with hip flexion

115
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name the origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Adductor magnus (medial compartment)

ORIGIN: Adductor part—inferior ramus of pubis and ramus of ischium; Hamstring part—ischial tuberosity

INSERTION: Adductor part—gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera; Hamstring part—adductor tubercle of femur

INNERVATION: Adductor part—obturator nerve; Hamstring part—tibial nerve

ACTION: hip adduction and flexion; Hamstring part—hip extension

116
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name the origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Obturator externus (medial compartment)

ORIGIN: margins of obturator foramen and obturator membrane

INSERTION: trochanteric fossa of femur

INNERVATION: obturator nerve

ACTION: external rotation of hip; stabilizes femoral head

117
Q

What is this structure and what is its function?

A

Name: Iliotibial band (“IT band”)

Function: A thick band of fascia that provides lateral stability to the hip and knee joints; also helps return blood to the heart

118
Q

What muscles make up the quadriceps femoris?

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius

119
Q

Which of the following muscles act on the hip and knee joints? Select all that apply.

Pectineus
Sartorius
Rectus femoris
Gracilis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus

A

Sartorius
Rectus femoris
Gracilis

120
Q

Which muscle of the medial thigh compartment produces lateral (external) rotation of the hip?

A. Gracilis
B. Adductor longus
C. Adductor brevis
D. Adductor Magnus
E. Obturator externus

121
Q

Which muscle of the anterior compartment of the thigh assists with medial (internal) rotation?

A. Pectineus
B. Sartorius
C. Iliopsoas

122
Q

Which muscle of the anterior compartment of the thigh assists with lateral (external) rotation?

A. Pectineus
B. Sartorius
C. Iliopsoas

123
Q

True or false: Muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh act on the knee.

A

False

They act predominately on the hip, except SARTORIUS acts on BOTH the knee and hip.

124
Q

True or false: The quadriceps femoris muscles act predominately to extend the knee joint.

125
Q

Which of the following muscles are muscles of the deep layer of the gluteal region? Select all that apply.

Tensor fascia latae (TFL)
Obturator internus
Pisiformis
Gluteus maximus
Superior gemellus

A

Obturator internus
Pisiformis
Superior gemellus

126
Q

Which of the following muscles have origin points from the posterior (external) surfaces of the ilium? Select all that apply.

Gluteus medius
Obturator internus
Gluteus minimus
Superior gemellus
Gluteus maximus

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus maximus

127
Q

Which of the following muscles originates from the ischium? Select all that apply.

Superior gemellus
Quadratus femoris
Inferior gemellus
TFL
Piriformis

A

Superior gemellus
Inferior gemellus

128
Q

True or false: The obturator internus and superior and inferior gemellus muscles all insert on the trochanteric fossa of the femur.

129
Q

True or false: All muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh are innervated by the tibial nerve.

130
Q

True or false: All muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh flex the knee.

131
Q

Which of the following muscles originates from the ischial tuberosity? Select all that apply.

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Short head of biceps femoris
Long head of biceps femoris

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Long head of biceps femoris

132
Q

True or false: The biceps femoris is located medially in the posterior compartment of the thigh and inserts on the tibia.

133
Q

True or false: Both the superior and inferior gluteal nerves travel through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis muscle.

A

False

The superior gluteal nerve exits superior to the piriformis, the inferior gluteal nerve exits inferior to the piriformis.

134
Q

Which two nerves make up the sciatic nerve?

A. Common fibular and tibial nerves
B. Tibial nerve and nerve to obturator internus
C. Common fibular nerve and nerve to quadratus femoris

135
Q

The ______ nerve innervates the superior gemellus, while the ______ nerve innervates the inferior gemellus.

A. Nerve to piriformis; superior gluteal nerve
B. Nerve to obturator internus; nerve to quadratus femoris
C. Nerve to quadratus femoris; nerve to obturator internus
D. Nerve to piriformis; inferior gluteal nerve

136
Q

Injury to the superior gluteal nerve will result in weakness of which of the following hip motions?

A. Lateral rotation
B. Adduction
C. Abduction
D. Extension

137
Q

True or false: The sciatic nerve can become entrapped as it travels through the greater sciatic foramen.

138
Q

Which of the following nerves supplies the majority of the sensory innervation to the posterior thigh?

A. Superior clunial nerve
B. Inferior clunial nerve
C. Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

139
Q

True or false: The superior and inferior gluteal arteries supply the muscles of the gluteal region.

140
Q

Which of the following arteries supplies the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A. Deep femoral artery
B. Femoral artery
C. Popliteal artery

141
Q

Which of the following arteries provides a direct contribution to the formation of the anastomosis that supplies the structures of the knee region? Select all that apply.

Superior gluteal artery
Genicular arteries
Anterior tibial recurrent
Deep femoral artery
Descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery

A

Genicular arteries
Anterior tibial recurrent
Descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery

142
Q

Which of the following muscles are in the superficial layer of the gluteal region of the posterior thigh? Select all that apply

Gluteus Maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Piriformis
Tensor fascia lata (TFL)
Quadratus femoris

A

Gluteus Maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata (TFL)

143
Q

What muscles make up the deep rotator layer of the gluteal region of the posterior thigh?

Obturator internus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Quadratus femoris
Tensor fascia lata
Piriformis
Superior and inferior gemellus

A

Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris
Piriformis
Superior and inferior gemellus

144
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Gluteus maximus

ORIGIN: Ilium (posterior to posterior gluteal line), dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament

INSERTION: Gerdy’s tubercle via iliotibial tract (some fibers into gluteal tuberosity)

INNERVATION: inferior gluteal nerve

ACTION: hip extension; assists with lateral rotation of hip and abduction

145
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Gluteus medius

ORIGIN: external surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines

INSERTION: lateral surface of greater trochanter

INNERVATION: superior gluteal nerve

ACTION: hip abduction and internal rotation

146
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Gluteus minimus

ORIGIN: external surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines

INSERTION: anterior surface of greater trochanter

INNERVATION: superior gluteal nerve

ACTION: hip abduction and internal rotation

147
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Tensor fascia lata (TFL)

ORIGIN: anterior superior iliac spine and anterior aspect of iliac crest

INSERTION: Gerdy’s tubercle via iliotibial tract

INNERVATION: superior gluteal nerve

ACTION: hip flexion; assists with hip abduction and medial rotation; stabilizes knee

148
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Piriformis

ORIGIN: anterior surface of sacrum, superior margin of greater sciatic notch, sacrotuberous ligament

INSERTION: superior border of greater trochanter

INNERVATION: nerve to piriformis

ACTION: external rotation of hip; stabilizes hip

149
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Superior and inferior gemellus

ORIGIN: Superior—ischial spine; Inferior—ischial tuberosity

INSERTION: trochanteric fossa

INNERVATION: Superior—nerve to obturator internus; Inferior—nerve to quadratus femoris

ACTION: external rotation of hip; stabilizes hip

150
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Obturator internus

ORIGIN: pelvic surface of ilium, ischium, and obturator membrane ligament

INSERTION: trochanteric fossa

INNERVATION: nerve to obturator internus

ACTION: external rotation of hip; stabilizes hip

151
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Quadratus femoris

ORIGIN: lateral border of ischial tuberosity

INSERTION: Intertrochanteric crest

INNERVATION: nerve to quadratus femoris

ACTION: external rotation of hip; stabilizes hip

152
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Biceps femoris (hamstrings)

ORIGIN: Long head—ischial tuberosity; Short head—linea aspera

INSERTION: Lateral side of head of fibula

INNERVATION: Long head—tibial nerve; Short head—common fibular nerve

ACTION: Long head—hip extension, knee flexion; Short head—knee flexion

153
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Semitendinosus (hamstrings)

ORIGIN: ischial tuboersity

INSERTION: medial surface of superior part of tibia (via pes anserinus)

INNERVATION: tibial nerve

ACTION: hip extension and knee flexion

154
Q

Name this muscle.

Then, name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Semimembranosus (hamstrings)

ORIGIN: ischial tuberosity

INSERTION: posterior part of medial condyle of tibia

INNERVATION: tibial nerve

ACTION: hip extension and knee flexion

155
Q

Which muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower limb produce external rotation at the hip?

A

Piriformis
Obturator internus
Superior gemellus
Inferior gemellus
Quadratus femoris

156
Q

Which deep gluteal muscles share a common innervation?

A

Nerve to quadratus: Quadratus femoris, inferior gemellus

Nerve to obturator internus: Obturator internus, superior gemellus

157
Q

Which is the only deep gluteal muscle NOT to share innervation with another muscle?

A

Piriformis (innervated by nerve to piriformis)

158
Q

True or false: Gluteus maximus and medius are both innervated by the superior gluteal nerve.

A

False

Gluteus maximus is innervated by the INFERIOR gluteal nerve; gluteus medius and minimus are innervated by the superior gluteal nerve.

159
Q

Which muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh cross both the hip and knee?

A

Biceps femoris (long head)
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

160
Q

What muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh produce knee flexion?

A

Biceps femoris (short head)
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

161
Q

What muscle of the posterior compartment of the thigh is innervated by the common fibular nerve?

A

Short head of the biceps femoris

162
Q

What nerve supplies the gluteal muscles?

A

Superior and inferior gluteal nerves

163
Q

What nerve innervates the majority of the hamstring muscles?

A

Tibial nerve

164
Q

What foramen does the sciatic nerve travel through?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

165
Q

The superior gluteal nerve and artery travel superior to which deep muscle of the gluteal region?

A

Piriformis

166
Q

Which nerve supplies the skin of the gluteal region?

A. Superior and inferior gluteal nerves
B. Superior and inferior clunial nerves
C. Lateral cutaneous nerve (femoral branch)
D. Medial cutaneous nerve (femoral branch)

167
Q

What artery/ies supply the posterior compartment of the thigh with blood?

A. Femoral artery
B. Popliteal artery
C. Perforating arteries
D. Posterior tibial recurrent

168
Q

True or false: The sciatic nerve can transition both above or below the piriformis.

169
Q

The sciatic nerve most commonly transitions above the piriformis, then runs deep to which posterior thigh muscles?

A

Biceps femoris and Semitendinosus

170
Q

Which of the following nerves exits the greater sciatic foramen and enters the lesser sciatic foramen?

A. Superior gluteal nerve
B. Nerve to piriformis
C. Nerve to obturator internus
D. Nerve to quadratus femoris

171
Q

The myotomes for external rotation of the hip are:

A. L2-L4
B. L5-S1
C. S1-S4

172
Q

The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve innervates the skin over:

A. Posterior thigh region
B. Posterior gluteal region
C. Posterior medial thigh region
D. Posterior leg region

173
Q

True or false: The gluteal region is supplied with blood from the internal iliac artery.

174
Q

True or false: Entrapment of the sciatic nerve can occur anywhere along its course causing pain, parathesia, and weakness.

175
Q

If the superior gluteal nerve were injured, what would you see clinically?

A. Loss of adduction of the hip
B. Weakness of adduction of the hip
C. Weakness of abduction of the hip
D. Loss of external rotation of the hip

176
Q

Which of the following bony landmarks of the tibia articulates with the femoral condyles forming the knee joint?

A. Gerdy’s tubercle
B. Tibial tuberosity
C. Tibial condyles

177
Q

True or false: The two important landmarks of the fibula are the fibular head and neck.

178
Q

True or false: The movements that occur at the knee joint are abduction and adduction.

A

False

Extension and flexion

179
Q

Which of the following ligaments prevents the tibia from sliding anteriorly on the femur?

A. Anterior cruciate
B. Posterior cruciate
C. Tibial Collateral
D. Fibular collateral

180
Q

Which of the following ligaments can be torn by a direct and forceful blow to the front of the knee?

A. Medial collateral ligament
B. Anterior cruciate ligament
C. Posterior cruciate ligament

181
Q

True or false: The medial and lateral menisci are located between the medial and lateral femoral and tibial condyles, respectively.

182
Q

Which of the following muscle tendons provides support to the medial side of the knee joint? Select all that apply.

Sartorius
Iliotibial tract
Biceps femoris
Gracilis
Semitendinosus

A

Sartorius
Gracilis
Semitendinosus

183
Q

Which of the following forms a boundary of the popliteal fossa? Select all that apply.

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Lateral head of gastrocnemius
Medial head of the gastrocnemius
Sartorius

A

Biceps femoris
Lateral head of gastrocnemius
Medial head of the gastrocnemius

184
Q

Which of the following structures are found transitioning between the posterior compartment of the thigh to the leg via the popliteal fossa? Select all that apply.

A. Popliteal artery and its divisions into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries
B. Common fibular nerve and its divisions into the deep and superficial fibular nerves
C. Tibial nerve
D. Popliteal vein

A

A, B, C and D— All of the above!

185
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Intercondylar eminences (medial and lateral)

186
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Lateral tibial condyles

187
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Medial tibial condyle

188
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Tibial tuberosity

189
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Head of fibula

190
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Neck of fibula

191
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Gerdy’s tubercle

192
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Soleal line

193
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Fibular notch

194
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Medial malleolus

195
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Lateral malleolus

196
Q

What is the name of this bony landmark?

A

Inferior articular surface of tibia

197
Q

The knee joint is a hinge type of synovial joint with articulations between:

A. Patellar surface of the femur with the medial and lateral tibial condyles
B. Patella with the medial and lateral femoral condyles
C. Medial and lateral femoral condyles with medial and lateral tibial condyles
D. Medial and lateral tibial condyles with patella

198
Q

True or false: The knee joint is composed of two separate pairs of articulations between the condyles of the femur and tibia, and patellar surface of the femur and patella.

199
Q

What ligament prevents the tibia from sliding anterior on the femur?

A. Tibial collateral
B. Fibular collateral
C. Anterior cruciate
D. Posterior cruciate

200
Q

What bursae allows the skin to move freely over the surface of the knee during movements of the knee?

A. Suprapatellar and deep infrapatellar
B. Subtendinous prepatellar and suprapatellar
C. Subcutaneous prepatellar and infrapatellar
D. Deep infrapatellar and subcutaneous infrapatellar

201
Q

What ligament stabilizes the medial aspect of the knee?

A. Tibial collateral
B. Fibular collateral
C. Anterior cruciate
D. Posterior cruciate

202
Q

The superior border of the popliteal fossa is formed by:

A. Lateral and medial heads of gastrocnemius
B. Biceps femoris and semimembranosus
C. Semitendinosus and semimembranosus
D. Biceps femoris and semitendinosus

203
Q

The medial and lateral borders of the popliteal fossa are formed by:

A. Lateral and medial heads of gastrocnemius
B. Biceps femoris and semimembranosus
C. Semitendinosus and semimembranosus
D. Biceps femoris and semitendinosus

204
Q

The popliteal fossa transmits all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Popliteal artery and vein
B. Common fibular nerve
C. Tibial nerve
D. Deep fibular nerve

205
Q

A common presentation of an ACL tear is:

A. Posterior draw sign
B. Posterior lapse of the patella to the tibia
C. Anterior lapse of the patella to the tibia
D. Anterior draw sign

206
Q

Patellofemoral syndrome is…

A. A common injury that occurs as a result of a blow to the knee
B. An injury from repetitive microtrauma of abnormal tracking of the patella
C. Inflammation of the bursae of the knee
D. Another name for “knock-kneed”

207
Q

True or false: Genu varum occurs when the Q angle causes the tibia to slant medially causing “knocked-knees”.

A

False

What is described is called GENU VALGUM. Genu varus is the opposite causing bow-leggedness.

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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