Lower Limb: Leg And Foot Regions Flashcards
Which of the following landmarks is located on the distal end of the tibia?
A. Medial condyle
B. Medial malleolus
C. Tibial tuberosity
D. Lateral malleolus
B
Which of the following tarsal bones are considered bones of the hind foot? Select all that apply.
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiforms
Talus
Calcaneus
Talus
The sustentaculum tali is an important bony landmark of which of the following tarsal bones?
A. Talus
B. Navicular
C. Cuboid
D. Calcaneus
D
Which of the following articulations forms the talocrural (upper ankle) joint?
A. Head of fibula and lateral tibial condyle
B. Distal end of fibula and fibular notch of tibia and interosseous membrane
C. Distal end of tibia and fibula (malleolar mortise) and trochlea of talus
D. Inferior aspect of talus and superior aspect of calcaneus
C
True or false: The movements of flexion and extension occur at the upper ankle joint while the motions of inversion and eversion occur at the lower ankle joint.
True
Which of the following ligaments forms part of the lateral ligament of the ankle joint? Select all that apply.
Anterior talofibular
Anterior tibiotalor
Posterior talofibular
Posterior tibiotalor
Calcaneofibular
Anterior talofibular
Posterior talofibular
Calcaneofibular
True or false: The medial ligament of the ankle limits inversion of the ankle joint.
False
It limits eversion
True or false: The metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints are joints of the toes.
True
Which of the following bones forms a part of the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot? Select all that apply.
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Talus
Navicular
Lateral metatarsal bones
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Lateral metatarsal bones
Which of the following bones forms part of the transverse arch of the foot? Select all that apply.
Cuboid
Talus
Calcaneus
Cuneiforms
Bases of metatarsal bones
Cuboid
Cuneiforms
Bases of metatarsal bones
True or false: The passive supports of the arches of the foot are formed by the tendons of several muscles that insert onto the bones of the foot.
False
Which of the following muscle tendons forms the dynamic supports of the arches of the foot? Select all that apply.
Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior
Fibularis longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior
Fibularis longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Name the tarsal bones of the foot from lateral to medial, proximal to distal.
Calcaneus, talus
Cuboid, navicular
Cuneiform (Lateral, intermediate, medial)
The “bracket-shaped” socket at the distal end of the leg is called _______.
Malleolus mortise
The articulation of the head of the fibula and lateral tibial condyle is called:
A. Upper ankle joint
B. Lower ankle joint
C. Superior tibiofibular joint
D. Inferior tibiofibular joint
C
The articulation of the distal end of the tibia and fibula (malleolar mortise) and trochlea of talus is called:
A. Upper ankle joint
B. Lower ankle joint
C. Superior tibiofibular joint
D. Inferior tibiofibular joint
A
This is also known as the talocrural joint
The articulations of the inferior aspect of the talus, superior aspect of the calcaneus, calcaneus, cuboid, talus, and navicular bones is called:
A. Upper ankle joint
B. Lower ankle joint
C. Superior tibiofibular joint
D. Inferior tibiofibular joint
B
These are also known as the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints
The articulation of the distal end of the fibula, fibular notch of tibia, and interosseous membrane is called:
A. Upper ankle joint
B. Lower ankle joint
C. Superior tibiofibular joint
D. Inferior tibiofibular joint
D
Which arch of the foot is described below?
Cuboid, cuneiforms, bases of metatarsals
A. Medial longitudinal
B. Lateral longitudinal
C. Transverse
C
Which arch of the foot is described below?
Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, 3 medial metatarsals
A. Medial longitudinal
B. Lateral longitudinal
C. Transverse
A
Which arch of the foot is described below?
Calcaneus, cuboid, cuneiforms, 2 lateral metatarsals
A. Medial longitudinal
B. Lateral longitudinal
C. Transverse
B
These structures of the foot acts as a shock absorbers and springboard for propulsion.
A. Ligaments
B. Arches
C. Tarsals
D. Bursa
B
Which of the following retinacula will stabilize the tendons of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg as they cross the ankle joint?
A. Superior and inferior extensor retinaculum
B. Superior and inferior fibular retinaculum
C. Flexor retinaculum
B
Which of the following muscles is contained in the anterior compartment of the leg? Select all that apply.
Tibialis anterior
Fibularis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
Tibialis posterior
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
True or false: The muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg are innervated by the superficial fibular nerve.
False
Deep fibular nerve
Which of the following muscles originates from the lateral condyle of the tibia? Select all that apply.
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
True or false: All muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg can produce dorsiflexion at the upper ankle joint.
True
True or false: The inferior fibular retinaculum is continuous with the inferior extensor retinaculum.
True
True or false: Both the fibularis longus and brevis originate from the fibula.
True
True or false: Both the fibularis longus and brevis produce inversion at the lower ankle joint.
False
Eversion
Which of the following nerves innervates the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
A. Deep fibular
B. Superficial fibular
C. Tibial
B
Which of the following muscles are contained in the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the leg? Select all that apply.
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis posterior
Plantaris
Flexor digitorum longus
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Soleus
Which of the following muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg originate from the femur? Select all that apply.
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis posterior
Plantaris
Flexor digitorum longus
Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Popliteus
Which muscle tendons pass through the tarsal tunnel? Select all that apply.
Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Plantaris
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
True or false: All muscles of the superior layer of the posterior compartment of the leg can produce plantar flexion of the ankle except popliteus.
True
Which of the following nerves innervates the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
A. Tibial
B. Deep Fibular
C. Superficial fibular
A
The attached ligaments are collectively known as?
Lateral collateral ligaments (of the ankle)
The attached ligaments are collectively known as?
Medial collateral ligaments (of the ankle)
The circled joints are known as?
Metatarsalphalangeal joints
The circled joints are known as?
Interphalangeal joints
The ligaments attached are known as?
Collateral ligaments (of the foot)
The attached ligaments are known as?
Plantar ligaments (similar to volar plates of the hand)
Which of the following are the passive supports of the foot? Select all that apply.
Tibialis posterior
Tibialis anterior
Plantar aponeurosis
Long and short plantar ligaments
Flexor hallucis longus
Fibularis longus
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
Plantar aponeurosis
Long and short plantar ligaments
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
Which of the following are the dynamic supports of the foot? Select all that apply.
Tibialis posterior
Tibialis anterior
Plantar aponeurosis
Long and short plantar ligaments
Flexor hallucis longus
Fibularis longus
Intrinsic plantar muscles
Tibialis posterior
Tibialis anterior
Flexor hallucis longus
Fibularis longus
Intrinsic plantar muscles
True or false: The dynamic supports of the foot are all intrinsic muscles of the foot.
False
Extrinsic muscles
The most common cause of ankle sprains is due to:
A. Plantar flexed foot inverts and rolls, tearing the LCL
B. Plantar flexed foot everts and rolls, tearing the MCL
C. Fracture of the calcaneus
D. Fracture of the talus
A
Which of the following is NOT a common fracture site of the foot?
A. Calcaneus
B. Talus
C. 5th metatarsal
D. 2nd metatarsal
D
Pes planus is a condition presenting as…
A. Lateral deviation of the great toe, generally due to degenerative joint disease
B. Lateral deviation of the forefoot due to dysfunction of tibialis posterior
C. Fracture of the fibula superior to the medial malleolus causing lateral instability
D. Fracture of the great toe
B
Hallux valgus is a condition presenting as…
A. Lateral deviation of the great toe, generally due to degenerative joint disease
B. Lateral deviation of the forefoot due to dysfunction of tibialis posterior
C. Fracture of the fibula superior to the medial malleolus causing lateral instability
D. Fracture of the great toe
A
The following muscles are that of which compartment of the leg?
Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis
A. Anterior compartment
B. Lateral compartment
C. Posterior superficial compartment
D. Posterior deep compartment
B
The following muscles are that of which compartment of the leg?
Popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
A. Anterior compartment
B. Lateral compartment
C. Posterior superficial compartment
D. Posterior deep compartment
D
The following muscles are that of which compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius
A. Anterior compartment
B. Lateral compartment
C. Posterior superficial compartment
D. Posterior deep compartment
A
The following muscles are that of which compartment of the leg?
Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
A. Anterior compartment
B. Lateral compartment
C. Posterior superficial compartment
D. Posterior deep compartment
C
Which retinaculum prevents bowstringing of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
A. Extensor retinaculum (superior and inferior)
B. Fibular retinaculum (superior and inferior)
C. Flexor retinaculum
A
Which retinaculum prevents bowstringing of the muscles of the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
A. Extensor retinaculum (superior and inferior)
B. Fibular retinaculum (superior and inferior)
C. Flexor retinaculum
C
Which retinaculum prevents bowstringing of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
A. Extensor retinaculum (superior and inferior)
B. Fibular retinaculum (superior and inferior)
C. Flexor retinaculum
B
Name this muscle.
Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
Name: Tibialis anterior
Origin: lateral condyle and surface of tibia; interosseous membrane
Insertion: medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
Action: Dorsiflexion and inversion
Name this muscle.
Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
Name: Extensor digitorum longus
Origin: lateral condyle of tibia and interosseous membrane
Insertion: middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits
Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
Action: Extends lateral 4 digits of foot; dorsiflexion
Name this muscle.
Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
Name: Extensor hallucis longus
Origin: Anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of great toe
Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
Action: Extension of great toe; dorsiflexion
Name this muscle.
Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
Name: Fibularis tertius
Origin: Anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Dorsum of base 5th metatarsal
Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
Action: Dorsiflexion and eversion
Name this muscle.
Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
Name: Fibularis longus
head and lateral surface of fibular
Insertion: medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve
Action: Eversion of ankle
Name this muscle.
Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
Name: Fibularis brevis
Origin: Inferolateral surface of fibula
Insertion: Dorsal surface of base of 5th metatarsal
Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve
Action: Eversion of ankle
Name this muscle.
Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
Name: Gastrocnemius
Origin: Lateral head—lateral condyle of femur; Medial head—medial condyle of femur
Insertion: Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Innervation: Tibial nerve
Action: plantarflexion of ankle; knee flexion
Name this muscle.
Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
Name: Soleus
Origin: posterior aspect of head and surface of fibula, soleal line, and medial border of tibia
Insertion: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Innervation: Tibial nerve
Action: plantarflexion of the ankle
Name this muscle.
Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
Name: Plantaris
Origin: lateral supracondylar line of femur
Insertion: posterior surface of calcaneus of calcaneal tendon
Innervation: Tibial nerve
Action: Plantarflexion of ankle
Name this muscle.
Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
Name: Popliteus
Origin: Lateral condyle of femur
Insertion: Posterior surface of tibia
Innervation: Tibial nerve
Action: Weakly flexes knee; “unlocks” knee
Name this muscle.
Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
Name: Tibialis posterior
Origin: interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia and fibula
Insertion: navicular, cuneiform, cuboid, and bases of 2-4 metatarsals
Innervation: Tibial nerve
Action: plantarflexion and ankle inversion
Name this muscle.
Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
Name: Flexor digitorum longus
Origin: posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line
Insertion: base of distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits
Innervation: Tibial nerve
Action: Flexion of lateral 4 digits
Name this muscle.
Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
Name: Flexor hallucis longus
Origin: posterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of great toe
Innervation: Tibial nerve
Action: Flexion of great toe
Which layer of intrinsic muscles of the foot is described below?
Flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi
A. First layer
B. Second layer
C. Third layer
D. Fourth layer
C
Which layer of intrinsic muscles of the foot is described below?
Plantar interossei, dorsal interossei
A. First layer
B. Second layer
C. Third layer
D. Fourth layer
D
Which layer of intrinsic muscles of the foot is described below?
Quadratus plantae, lumbricals
A. First layer
B. Second layer
C. Third layer
D. Fourth layer
B
Which layer of intrinsic muscles of the foot is described below?
Abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi
A. First layer
B. Second layer
C. Third layer
D. Fourth layer
A
Why are extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis not included in the four layers of intrinsic muscles of the foot?
They are on the dorsum of the foot
True or false: The anterior compartment of muscles of the leg primarily plantarflex the foot.
False
Dorsiflex; the posterior compartment plantarflexes
Which muscles of the leg produce movements of the toes?
- Flexor digitorum longus (posterior, deep)
- Flexor hallucis longus (posterior, deep)
- Extensor digitorum longus (anterior)
- Extensor hallucis longus (anterior)
Which muscles of the leg originate from the fibula?
- Fibularis tertius (anterior)
- Fibularis longus (lateral)
- Fibularis brevis (lateral)
- Soleus (posterior, superficial)
- Tibialis posterior (posterior, deep)
- Flexor hallucis longus (posterior, deep)
Which muscles of the leg insert on the calcaneus?
- Gastrocnemus (posterior, superficial)
- Soleus (posterior, superficial)
- Plantaris (posterior, superficial)
