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Human Anatomy > Head Region > Flashcards

Head Region Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following bones of the neurocranium form part of the calvaria?

Frontal
Parietal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Occipital
Temporal

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital

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2
Q

Which suture of the skull joins the frontal and parietal bones?

A

Coronal suture

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3
Q

Which suture of the skull joins the parietal bones medial superiorly?

A

Sagittal suture

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4
Q

Which suture of the skull joins the parietal and occipital bones?

A

Lambdoid suture

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5
Q

Which of the following are key features of the external surface of the cranial base located on the temporal bone?

Occipital condole
External acoustic meatus
Nuchal lines
Mastoid process
Hypoeglossal canal
Styloid process

A

External acustic meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process

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6
Q

Which cranial fossa supports the frontal lobe of the brain?

A

Anterior

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7
Q

Which of the following are key features of the middle cranial fossa?

Cribiform plate
Optic canals
Foremen ovale
Jugular foramen
Foramen rotundum
Internal acoustic meatus

A

Optic canals, foramen ovale, foramen rotundum

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8
Q

Which cranial nerve travels through the foramen ovale?

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V, 3)

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9
Q

Which structure transmits the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent nerves?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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10
Q

True or false: The lacrimal, zygomatic, and nasal bones are paired bones of the viscerocranium.

A

True

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11
Q

What bones articulate to form the temporomandibular joint?

A. Mandible, temporal bone
B. Mandible, occipital bone
C. Maxilla, temporal bone

A

A

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12
Q

True or false: The mandible allows for three degrees of freedom: elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, lateral excursions.

A

True

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13
Q

The ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary, an lacrimal bones make up which wall of the bony orbit?

Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral

A

Medial

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14
Q

Which of the following structures of the lacrimal apparatus collects lacrimal fluid and conveys it to the lacrimal sac?

A

Canaliculi

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15
Q

True or false: Adduction and abduction movements of the eyeball occur around a vertical axis of rotation.

A

True

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16
Q

The neurocranium (“cranial vault”) grossly contains…

A

Brain
Meninges
Proximal parts of cranial nerves
Vasculature of the brain

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17
Q

The viscerocranium (“facial skeleton”) grossly contains…

A

Anterior cranium
Bones of the eyes, mouth, and nose

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18
Q

How many bones make up the neurocranium and what are they?

A

8 bones

Frontal
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

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19
Q

What is the point where the frontal and sagittal sutures of the calvaria called? (Circled)

A

Bregna

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20
Q

What bones form the external surface of the cranial base?

A

Sphenoid
Temporal (2)
Occipital
Palatine
Vomer
Palatine process of maxilla

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21
Q

What are the highlighted features of the occipital portion of the cranial base?

If any nerves or important landmarks pass through, indicate.

A

(See image)

  • Hypoglossal canal - CN XII
  • Jugular fossa - depth of jugular foramen (CN IX, X, XI and jugular vein)*
  • Foramen magnum - medulla/spinal cord and vertebral arteries

*The jugular fossa is not labeled in image; it is lateral to the hypoglossal fossa and slightly inferior (when looking at the skull from its inferior side)—it is a “C” like curvature where the temporal and occipital bones meet

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22
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A

CN I: Olfactory
CN II: Optic
CN III: Oculomotor
CN IV: Trochlear
CN V: Trigeminal
—CN V1: Ophthalmic (sensory)
—CN V2: Maxillary (sensory)
—CN V3: Mandibular (motor, sensory)
CN VI: Abducens
CN VII: Facial
CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear
CN IX: Glossopharyngeal
CN X: Vagus
CN XI: Accessory
CN XII: Hypoglossal

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23
Q

What are the key features of the TEMPORAL part of the cranial base?

If any nerves or important landmarks pass through, indicate.

A

(See image)

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24
Q

What are the key features of the SPHENOID part of the cranial base?

If any nerves or important landmarks pass through, indicate.

A

(See image)

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25
Q

What are the three parts of the INTERNAL surface of the cranial base?

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

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26
Q
  1. What bones form the ANTERIOR cranial fossa?
  2. What is its function?
  3. What are the 2 important structures of the anterior cranial fossa and which bone are they located on?
A
  1. Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid bones
  2. Supports the frontal lobe of the brain
  3. crista galli (attachment for falx cerebri), cribiform plate (the entry point for CN I) —on ethmoid bone
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27
Q
  1. What bones form the MIDDLE cranial fossa?
  2. What is its function?
  3. What are the 6 important structures of the SPHENOID part of the middle cranial fossa?
  4. What is the important structure of the TEMPORAL part of the middle cranial fossa?
A
  1. Sphenoid, temporal
  2. Supports temporal lobes of the brain
  3. Sella Turcica (pituitary gland); optic canal (CN II - optic); superior orbital fissure (CN III, IV, VI, V-1); foramen rotundum (CN V2); foramen ovale (CN V3); foramen spinosum (meningeal nerves, middle meningeal artery)
  4. Carotid canals (internal carotid artery)
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28
Q
  1. What bones form the POSTERIOR cranial fossa?
  2. What is its function?
  3. What is the important structure of the TEMPORAL part of the posterior cranial fossa?
  4. What are 3 the important structures of the OCCIPITAL part of the middle cranial fossa?
A
  1. Occipital, temporal
  2. Supports the cerebellum and brain stem
  3. Internal acoustic meatus (CN VII, CN VIII)
  4. Hypoglossal canal (CN XII); Foramen Jugular (CN IX, X, XI; internal jugular vein); Foramen magnum (medulla/spinal cord; vertebral arteries)
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29
Q

What does the scalp consist of? (Use the acronym!)

A

Skin
Connective tissue (Dense)
Aponeurosis (epicranial)
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium

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30
Q

How many bones make up the viscerocranium and what are they?

A

15 bones

Zygomatic (2)
Maxilla (2)
Palatine (2)
Nasal (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Inferior nasal conchae (2)
Vomer
Mandible
Ethmoid (perpendicular plate/nasal conchae)

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31
Q

What are the 3 parts of the mandible?

A

Body, angle, ramus

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32
Q

Label the parts of the mandible.

A

(See image)

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33
Q

What is the articulation structure of the TMJ?

A

Head of condylar process of mandible and articular tubercle, and the Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

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34
Q

What are the structural components of the eye?

A

Orbit
Eyelids
Lacrimal apparatus
Eyeball
Extraocular muscles
Nerves
Vasculature

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35
Q

True or false: The orbit lies in the neurocranium.

A

FALSE

It lies within the viscerocranium

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36
Q

What are the four walls of the orbit and what bones make each wall?

A

Superior wall: frontal bone

Lateral wall: lateral inferior part of the frontal bone, zygomatic bone, greater wing of the sphenoid bone

Inferior wall: medial part of the zygomatic, lateral part of the maxillary

Medial wall: medial part of the maxilla, ethmoid bone, lacrimal bone, medial part of sphenoid bones

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37
Q

The 3 important features of the orbit are the apex, superior orbital fissure, and inferior orbital fissure.

Why are these landmarks important?

A

Apex: Optic canal for CN II and artery

Superior orbit fissure: CN III, IV, VI, and V1

Inferior Orbital Fissure - CN V2

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38
Q

What are the 3 conjunctiva of the eye and where are they?

A

The conjunctiva are semi-clear membranes covering the eye and lids

Palpebral - inside of the lids

Bulbar - covers sclera of the eye

Sac - space between palpebral and bulbar

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39
Q

Label the parts of the lacrimal apparatus, including the lacrimal gland, parts of the lacrimal ducts, canaliculi, the lacrimal sac, and parts of the nasolacrimal duct.

A

(See image)

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40
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eyeball from superficial to deep and what are their important parts?

A
  1. Fibrous layer: sclera and cornea
  2. Vascular layer: choroid, ciliary body, iris
  3. Inner layer: retina
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41
Q

We know the iris for our eye color, however, it is made up of two muscles. What are these muscles, which part of the nervous system operates them, and what do they do?

A

Sphincter pupillae: parasympathetic; constricts, thus decreasing light entering the eye

Dilator pupillae: sympathetic; dilates the eye, thus increasing light entering the eye

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42
Q

What is accommodation?

A

When the ciliary body contracts, the zonular fibers slacken, making the lens rounder—this is what supports our near distance vision.

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43
Q

What causes glaucoma?

A

When the aqueous humour does not drain from the eye.

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44
Q

When you adduct and abduct the eye, which way is the pupil moving and what is the axis of which it rotates?

A

Pupil moves laterally and medially

Vertical axis

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45
Q

When you elevate and depress the eye, which way is the pupil moving and what is the axis of which it rotates?

A

Pupil moves up (elevate) and down (depress)

Horizontal axis

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46
Q

Which way is the pupil moving during intorsion and extorsion, and what is the axis of which it rotates?

A

The pupil does a lateral rotation (extorsion) and medial rotation (intorsion)

AP axis (anterior posterior axis)

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47
Q

All eye muscles are innervated with CN III, the Oculomotor nerve, EXCEPT…

A

Superior oblique (CN IV: Trochlear)
Lateral rectus (CN VI: Abducens)

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48
Q

Label the 6 muscles of the eye and describe how they move the eye.

A

(See image)

Superior rectus: primarily elevates; also adducts, and medially rotates the eye (intorsion)

Inferior rectus: primarily depresses; adducts, and laterally rotates eye (extorsion)

Lateral rectus: abducts (the only rectus muscle that abducts!)

Medial rectus: adducts

Superior oblique: abducts, depresses, and rotates eye medially (intorsion)

Inferior oblique: abducts, elevates, and rotates eye laterally (extorsion)

REMEMBER:=
RECTi = corRECT
Obliques = Opposite
MOLaR: Medial tests Obliques, Lateral tests Recti

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49
Q

What are the four muscles involved in mastication? Which are superficial, and which are deep?

A

SUPERFICIAL:
Masseter
Temporalis

DEEP:
Lateral pterygoid
medial pterygoid

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50
Q

Which muscle is presented here?

Name it and provide its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

Masseter

ORIGIN: inferior border and medial surface of zygomatic arch

INSERTION: angle and lateral surface of ramus of mandible and coronoid process

INNERVATION: CNV3 (Mandibular branch, V3, of the trigeminal nerve, CN V)

ACTION: elevation and protraction of the mandible (closing jaw)

51
Q

Which muscle is presented here?

Name it and provide its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

Temporalis

ORIGIN: floor of temporal fossa and deep surface of temporal fascia

INSERTION: fibers pass deep to the zygomatic arch and insert on to the medial surface of the coronoid process and anterior border of the ramus of the mandible

INNERVATION: CNV3 (Mandibular branch, V3, of the trigeminal nerve, CN V)

ACTION: elevation and retraction of the mandible (closing jaw)

52
Q

Which muscle is presented here?

Name it and provide its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

Lateral pterygoid

ORIGIN: Greater wing of the sphenoid bone and lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid

INSERTION: neck of the mandible, and articular disc and capsule of the TMJ

INNERVATION: CNV3 (Mandibular branch, V3, of the trigeminal nerve, CN V)

ACTION: depression and protraction of the mandible (opening jaw) and lateral excursion toward the contralateral side (large chewing movements)

53
Q

Which muscle is presented here?

Name it and provide its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

Medial pterygoid

ORIGIN: Greater wing of the sphenoid bone and lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid

INSERTION: neck of the mandible, and articular disc and capsule of the TMJ

INNERVATION: CNV3 (Mandibular branch, V3, of the trigeminal nerve, CN V)

ACTION: elevation (minor) and protraction of the mandible (minor) and small lateral excursion (grinding)

54
Q

True or false: the temporalis muscle has two heads.

A

FALSE

The MASSETER muscle has two heads.

55
Q

Where is the oral cavity proper in relation to the oral vestibule?

A

Posterior toward the pharynx

56
Q

What is the difference between the oral vestibule and the oral cavity proper?

A

Oral vestibule: separates lips and cheeks from teeth

Oral cavity proper: medial to the teeth; houses the tongue

57
Q

What are the elements of the oral cavity?

A

Lips
Teeth
Palate (sard/soft)
Tongue
Uvula
Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arch
Tonsils

58
Q

What is the difference between the hard and soft palate?

A

Hard palate: Anterior part of the oral cavity; bony part of the roof closer to teeth

Soft palate: Posterior part of the oral cavity; back roof of the mouth

59
Q

The muscles of the soft palate originate from CN ______, also known as the _________ nerve.

The only exception to this is the tensor veli palatini muscle, which is innervated by CN ________, also know as the _________ branch of the ___________ nerve.

A

CN X
Vagus nerve

CN V3
Mandibular
Trigeminal

60
Q

What are the five muscles of the soft palate? What are their main actions?

A

Tensor veli palatini: tenses soft palate

Levator veli palatini: elevates soft palate

Palataglossus: elevates posterior tongue and draws soft palate onto tongue

Palatopharyngeus: tenses soft palate and draws walls of pharynx superiorly, anteriorly, and medially during swelling

Musculus uvulae: shortens uvula and pulls it superiorly

61
Q

The tongue plays a role in 4 things: ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________.

A

Mastication
Taste
Deglutition
Speech

62
Q

The tongue is composed of ________ muscle.

A

Skeletal

63
Q

Label the parts of the tongue highlighted in red.

A

(See image)

64
Q

Label the parts of the tongue highlighted in red.

A

(See image)

65
Q

What is the difference between the terminal and median sulci?

A

Terminal sulcus: divides tongue into posterior and anterior

Median sulci: divides tongue into left and right

66
Q

How many muscles does the tongue have? How are they grouped?

A

8
Intrinsic and extrinsic

67
Q

What are the 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Collectively, what do they do?

A

Superior longitudinal muscle of the tongue
Inferior longitudinal muscle of the tongue
Transverse muscle of the tongue
Vertical muscle of the tongue

Alter SHAPE of the tongue

68
Q

What are the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Collectively, what do they do?

What do they each do?

A

Alter POSITION of the tongue

Genioglosses: depresses central part; creates longitudinal furrow and protrudes tongue

Hypoglossus: depresses and retrudes tongue

Styloglossus: retrudes tongue and curls sides

Palatoglossus: Elevates posterior part of tongue and depresses soft palate

69
Q

What are the somatic motor innervations of the tongue?

A

CN XII (Hypoglossal nerve) EXCEPT palataglossus is innervated by CN X (vagus nerve)

70
Q

What are the sensory nerves of the tongue?

A

General sensory: Anterior 2/3s supplied by CN V3 (Mandibular division of trigeminal)

Taste: Anterior 2/3s supplied by branch of CN VII (facial nerve)

Posterior 1/3 is supplied by a branch of the Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

71
Q

What are the functions of salivary glands?

A

Produce saliva that keeps the mouth moist, lubricates food during mastication, begins the digestive process

72
Q

The parotid gland is innervated by the __________ nerve (__________ fibers). The otic ganglion is comprised of ____________________ fibers.

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
Preganglionic
Postganglionic

73
Q

The submandibular and sublingual glands are innervated by _________ (______________ fibers).

The submandibular ganglion is comprised of ______________ fibers.

A

CN VII (facial nerve)
Pregangiolonic
Postgangiolonic

74
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?

A

V1: Ophthalmic
V2: Maxillary
V3: Mandibular

75
Q

Label the dermatome map of the head.

A

(See image)

76
Q

The ____________ arteries and __________ arteries supply the brain with blood.

The _________ arteries supply the face and structures outside the cranium with blood.

A

Internal carotid
Vertebral
External carotid

77
Q

What are the 2 major veins of the head region and what do they do?

A

Internal jugular: returns blood from the brain

External jugular: returns blood from the face and structures outside the cranium

78
Q

What is trigeminal neuralgia?

A

A disorder of the sensory root on CN V characterized by sudden attacks of excruciating, lightning-like jabs of facial pain (paroxysm). The maxillary nerve (CN V2) is most frequently involved. Pain is often initiated by touching a sensitive trigger zone of the skin.

Some treatments include sectioning the sensory root or moving an aberrant artery.

79
Q

Which of the following structures extends from the soft palate to the base of the tongue forming a boundary between the oral cavity and the oropharynx?

A. Soft palate
B. Palatoglossal arch
C. Palatopharyngeal arch

A

B

80
Q

Which nerve innervated all the muscles of the soft palate with the exception of the tensor veli palatini?

A

CN X (Vagus nerve)

81
Q

Which of the following structures marks the division between the anterior and posterior parts of the tongue?

A. Median sulcus
B. Terminal sulcus
C. Frenulum

A

B

82
Q

What is the function of the frenulum?

A

Anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth

83
Q

Which of the following muscles allows us to protrude (stick out) our tongue?

A. Palatoglossus
B. Hypoglossus
C. Styogossus
D. Genioglossus

A

D

84
Q

Which of the following nerves provides sensory innervation to the tongue? (Select all that apply)

A. Facial Nerve (CN VII)
B. Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
C. Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
D. Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

A

A and B

85
Q

Which of the following salivary glands receives minor innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A. Sublingual
B. Parotid
C. Submandibular

A

B

86
Q

You are conducting a sensory evaluation of your patient’s face. Your patient reports a lack of sensation over the forehead. Based on this information, you suspect dysfunction in which of the trigeminal nerve branches?

A. CN V1 (Ophthalmic)
B. CN V2 (Maxillary)
C. CN V3 (Mandibular)

A

A

87
Q

Which branch of the carotid artery supplies the structures of the head and face that are located outside of the cranium?

A. Internal
B. External

A

B

88
Q

How many branches of the facial nerve supply the muscles of facial expression? What are the branches in order from superior to inferior?

A

5

Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical

89
Q

What is the most important function of the facial nerve for OT practice?

A. Innervation of the lacrimal and salivary glands
B. Innervation of the muscles of the facial expression
C. Taste sensation got the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

B

90
Q

Which of the following muscles is important for wrinkling the forehead?

A. Platysma
B. Zygomatic major and minor
C. Corrugated Supercilli
D. Frontalis

A

D

91
Q

Dysfunction in which of the following muscles may result in your patient pocketing food in their mouth during eating?

A. Risorius
B. Buccinator
C. Depressor annuli oris
D. Depressor labii

A

B

92
Q

A patient with facial nerve palsy may experience which of the following? Select all that apply.

Eye problems
Difficulty eating or speaking
Impaired taste sensation and dry mouth
Facial weakness
Depression

A

ALL of those!!

93
Q

Label the parts of the branches of the facial nerve (CN VII) that are purple.

A

See image

94
Q

What are the functions of the facial nerve?

A

Expression
Tearing
Taste
Saliva
Sound dampening
Sucking/whistling
Outer ear sensation
Swallow (accessory)

95
Q
  1. What muscle is this?
  2. Where does it originate/insert?
  3. What is its function?
  4. If it causes an expression, which?
  5. What is its CN VII branch innervation?
A
  1. Frontalis
  2. Two thin sheets of muscle that move the forehead
  3. Wrinkles forehead, pulls up orbicularis oculi and procerus
  4. Surprise, emphasis
  5. Temporal of CN VII (facial nerve)
96
Q
  1. What muscle is this?
  2. Where does it originate/insert?
  3. What is its function?
  4. If it causes an expression, which?
  5. What is its CN VII branch innervation?
A
  1. Corragutor supercilli (cor-oo-gator super-silly)
  2. Small diagonal muscle that goes through the frontalis
  3. Pulls skin between eyebrows medially causing wrinkle; acts as antagonist of Frontalis
  4. Furrow brow, worry, confused, anger
  5. Temporal and zygomatic branches of CN VII (facial nerve)
97
Q
  1. What muscle is this?
  2. Where does it originate/insert?
  3. What is its function?
  4. If it causes an expression, which?
  5. What is its CN VII branch innervation?
A
  1. Procerus (pruh-care-iss)
  2. Lies between medial ends of corrugator
  3. Pulls medial portion of eyebrows inferiorly to nose, wrinkling nose (synergist with corrugator)
  4. Frown, concentration, disgust
  5. Temporal and zygomatic of CN VII (facial nerve)
98
Q
  1. What muscle is this?
  2. Where does it originate/insert?
  3. What is its function?
  4. If it causes an expression, which?
  5. What is its CN VII branch innervation?
A
  1. Orbicularis oculi superioris (above eye, proximal to the brow; the “palpebral superior” makes the top eye lid) and orbicularis oculi inferioris (below eye, proximal to zygomatic bone; the “palpebral inferior” is the lower eye lid)
  2. Flat muscle that encircles the eye acting as a sphincter to close.
  3. Eye closure (mostly from superioris; however, in children, majority comes from inferioris)
  4. Squinting, hard eye closure, blinking
  5. SUPERIORIS: temporal of CN VII (facial nerve); INFERIORIS: zyogomatic
99
Q
  1. What muscle is this?
  2. Where does it originate/insert?
  3. What is its function?
  4. If it causes an expression, which?
  5. What is its CN VII branch innervation?
A
  1. Dilator nasi of the nasalis
  2. Maxilla to outer portion of nostril
  3. Enlarges nostril
  4. Smelling, anger
  5. Buccal* of CN VII (facial nerve)

*Pronounced buh-kl

100
Q
  1. What muscle is this?
  2. Where does it originate/insert?
  3. What is its function?
  4. If it causes an expression, which?
  5. What is its CN VII branch innervation?
A
  1. Compressor naris of the nasalis
  2. Forms the transverse component of the nasalis
  3. Draws edge of the nose toward the septum and compresses nostrils
  4. Attempt to close the nose at a noxious smell
  5. Buccal of CN VII (facial nerve)
101
Q
  1. What muscle is this?
  2. Where does it originate/insert?
  3. What is its function?
  4. If it causes an expression, which?
  5. What is its CN VII branch innervation?
A
  1. Levator labii alaeque nasi
  2. Maxilla and inserts toward orbicularis oris
  3. Lifts medial portion of lip and nose
  4. Snarl, disgust
  5. Zygomatic and Buccal of CN VII (facial nerve)
102
Q
  1. What muscle is this?
  2. Where does it originate/insert?
  3. What is its function?
  4. If it causes an expression, which?
  5. What is its CN VII branch innervation?
A
  1. Levator labii superioris
  2. Originates in maxilla and zygomatic arch and inserts into skin around nose and upper lip
  3. Opens nostril and raises upper lip in lateral oblique direction
  4. The ‘Elvis Presley’ face
  5. Zygomatic and buccal of CN VII (facial nerve)
103
Q
  1. What muscle is this?
  2. Where does it originate/insert?
  3. What is its function?
  4. If it causes an expression, which?
  5. What is its CN VII branch innervation?
A
  1. Levator anguli oris
  2. Originates just below infraorbital foramen and inserts into muscles around upper lip and corner of mouth
  3. Elevates upper lip
  4. Synergist in smiling
  5. Zygomatic and Buccal of CN VII (facial nerve)
104
Q
  1. What muscle is this?
  2. Where does it originate/insert?
  3. What is its function?
  4. If it causes an expression, which?
  5. What is its CN VII branch innervation?
A
  1. Zygomaticus major (superior highlight bilaterally) and minor (inferior highlight bilaterally)
  2. Originates from zygomatic arch diagonally into side of cheek and corner of mouth
  3. Draws mouth both backward and upward
  4. Smile
  5. Zygomatic and buccal of CN VII (facial nerve)
105
Q
  1. What muscle is this?
  2. Where does it originate/insert?
  3. What is its function?
  4. If it causes an expression, which?
  5. What is its CN VII branch innervation?
A
  1. Risorius
  2. Lies on top of Buccinator and goes from mid cheek to orbicularis oris
  3. Pulls corner of mouth backward and up slightly
  4. Smile; thoughtful/pensive; smirk
  5. Zygomatic and Buccal of CN VII (facial nerve)
106
Q
  1. What muscle is this?
  2. Where does it originate/insert?
  3. What is its function?
  4. If it causes an expression, which?
  5. What is its CN VII branch innervation?
A
  1. Buccinator
  2. Originates from the mandible around the level of the first molars and inserts into the lips
  3. Presses cheek against teeth and lips; facilitates actions Iike blowing, sucking, whistling, and helps with chewing
  4. “Smug satisfaction”
  5. Buccal of CN VII (facial nerve)
107
Q
  1. What muscle is this?
  2. Where does it originate/insert?
  3. What is its function?
  4. If it causes an expression, which?
  5. What is its CN VII branch innervation?
A
  1. Orbicularis oris superioris (superior to upper lip) and inferioris (inferior to lower lip)
  2. Upper and lower portions encompass mouth and make up oral sphincter; go from nose fold of skin to between the lower lip and chin
  3. Protrusion for pucker, contraction and compression
  4. Kissing, putting on chapstick, pursing lips to eat
  5. Zygomatic, Buccal, mandibular of CN VII (facial nerve)
108
Q
  1. What muscle is this?
  2. Where does it originate/insert?
  3. What is its function?
  4. If it causes an expression, which?
  5. What is its CN VII branch innervation?
A
  1. Depressor anguli oris (lateral-most 2 highlights bilaterally) and depressor labii (medial-most 2 highlights bilaterally)
  2. Often woven together from the midline area of lower part of face/chin to the lower lip
  3. Pulls down corner of mouth and area of lower lip
  4. “Yikes” face; “sad clown”
  5. Buccal and mandibular of CN VII (facial nerve)
109
Q
  1. What muscle is this?
  2. Where does it originate/insert?
  3. What is its function?
  4. If it causes an expression, which?
  5. What is its CN VII branch innervation?
A
  1. Mentalis
  2. Form the chin; found below lower lip to bottom of chin
  3. Helps raise and protrude the lower lip, wrinkles the chin
  4. Pouting; questioning
  5. mandibular of CN VII (facial nerve)
110
Q
  1. What muscle is this?
  2. Where does it originate/insert?
  3. What is its function?
  4. If it causes an expression, which?
  5. What is its CN VII branch innervation
A
  1. Platysma
  2. A sheet of subcutaneous muscle crossing at the chin and splitting below going to the clavicle and first two ribs
  3. Assist the lip depressors to lower the lower lip; pulls down mandible to assist in mouth opening; pulls at the corners causing a frown
  4. “Eeee”/“yikes” face
  5. Mandibular and cervical of CN VII (facial nerve)
111
Q

If nerves in the nasalis muscles don’t function, what happens when you lie on the effected side?

A

The nose will close on the effected side

112
Q

The levator labii is comprised of 3 muscles. What are their names?

A

Levator labii alaeque nasi
Levator labii superioris
Levator anguli oris

113
Q

Label each of the following with the appropriate muscle: Facial or Skeletal.

  1. Delayed atrophy
  2. Has muscle spindles
  3. Does not have emotional input
  4. Small motor units
  5. Most attachments are to soft tissue
  6. Large motor units
  7. Most attachments are bone to bone
  8. Volitional and emotional input
A
  1. Facial
  2. Skeletal
  3. Skeletal
  4. facial
  5. facial
  6. Skeletal
  7. Skeletal
  8. Facial
114
Q

What are five gross causes of facial nerve paralysis? Provide 1 example for each.

A
  1. Operative trauma: Having to cut or move a nerve
  2. Viral: Bell’s palsy
  3. Lyme disease
  4. Trauma: skull fracture to the temporal bone
  5. Congenital: Moebius (born without CN VII)
115
Q

Why is the CN VII nerve so important to OTs?

A

Can cause…

Eye problems
facial weakness
eating difficulty
speaking difficulty
altered taste
Dry mouth
Hyperacusis (unable to dampen sound)
Decreased endurance
Depression

116
Q

What structures pass through the foramen ovale?

A

Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V3)

117
Q

What movement does the superior rectus muscle of the eye perform?

A

Elevation, adduction, intorsion

RAD - Recti ADduct

118
Q

What is the function of the inferior oblique muscle of the eye?

A

Elevation, abduction, extorsion

**Obliques are always opposite!

119
Q

Which bone is the crista galli and cribiform plate located on?

A

Ethmoid

120
Q

What cranial fossa are the sphenoid and temporal bones located within?

A

Middle

121
Q

What are the key features of the OCCIPITAL part of the cranial base?

If any nerves or important landmarks pass through, indicate.

A

(See image)

122
Q

What does general sensory innervation mean?

A

Pain, temperature, touch

123
Q

IMPORTANT What is the difference between the innervation of the muscles of facial expression versus the sensory innervation of the face?

A

Muscles of facial expression innervation: Facial Nerve (CN VII; temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical branches)

Sensory innervation of the face: Trigeminal Nerve (CN V; ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular branches)

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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