Lower limb Flashcards
What are the two superficial veins of the lower limb?
great and small saphenous
What superficial vein ascends anterior to the medial malleolus of the tibia?
great saphenous
What superficial vein ascends posterior to the medial malleolus of the tibia?
small saphenous
What superficial vein empties into the femoral vein?
great saphenous
What superficial vein empties into the popliteal vein?
small saphenous
What are two causes of venous stasis?
- muscular inactivity
- external pressure on veins
What lymph nodes drain the great saphenous vein?
superficial inguinal
What lymph nodes drain the small saphenous vein?
popliteal
What type of joint is the hip joint?
synovial ball and socket
What is the acetabulum labrum?
ring of cartilage surrounding the acetabulum of the hip
What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament?
prevents hyperextension of the hip joint
What is the function of the pubofemoral ligrament?
prevents hyperabduction of the hip joint
What 3 muscles are extensors of the hip joint?
gluteus maximus, hamstrings (3 muscles), adductor magnus (post. part)
What is the main extensor of the hip joint?
gluteus maximus
What are the 3 muscles that make up the hamstrings?
semitendinosus, semimembranosus, long head biceps femoris
What are the 5 adductors of the hip joint?
adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis and obturator externus
What nerve supplies the adductor muscles of the thigh?
obturator nerve
What 3 muscles abduct the hip joint?
gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae
How do the deep gluteal muscles carry out their role as hip abductors?
Their attachment to the greater trochanter of the femur
What nerve supplies the abductor muscles of the hip joint?
superior gluteal nerve
What nerve supplies the gluteus maximus?
inferior gluteal nerve
What 3 muscles medially rotate the hip joint?
gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae
What are the 4 heads of the quadriceps femoris?
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
What nerve innervated the quadriceps femoris?
femoral nerve (L2-4)
What is the action of the quadriceps femoris on the hip joint?
flexion
What is the action of the quadriceps femoris on the knee?
extension
What are the 3 actions of the sartorius on the hip joint?
flexion, abduction and lateral rotation of the thigh
What is the action of the sartorius at the knee joint?
flexion of the leg
What is the action of the medial thigh muscles?
adduction of hip joint
Through which bony foramen does the obturator nerve pass through?
obturator foramen
What structures pass through the adductor hiatus?
femoral artery and vein
What is the femoral artery a continuation of? Where does this change occur?
continuation of the external iliac artery, change occurs behind the inguinal ligament
Between which two bony points does the femoral artery enter the thigh?
anterior superior iliac spine and pubic symphysis
What branch of the femoral artery passes posteriorly towards the hamstrings?
deep femoral artery
What is the femoral vein a continuation of?
popliteal vein
What does the femoral vein continue as?
external iliac
What 4 muscles does the femoral nerve supply?
sartorius, pectineus, iliacus, quadriceps femoris
What forms the medial border of the femoral triangle?
adductor longus
What forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle?
sartorius muscle
What are the 3 major structures of the femoral triangle?
femoral nerve, femoral artery and femoral vein
What are the 3 compartments of the femoral sheath?
femoral artery, femoral vein, femoral canal
What does the femoral canal contain?
fat, loose connective tissue and lymphatic vessels
What are the nerve roots of the lumbar plexus?
L1-4, T12
What are the 2 main branches of the lumbar plexus? What are their root values?
Obturator nerve and femoral nerve (both L2-4)
Which sciatic foramen is the route for structures entering and leaving the pelvis?
greater sciatic foramen
Which sciatic foramen if the route for structures entering and leaving the perineum?
lesser sciatic foramen
What are the 4 muscles comprising the superficial layer of gluteal muscles?
gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae
What are the 4 muscles comprising the deep layer of gluteal muscles?
piriformis, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemelli, quadratus femoris
What is the deep fascia of the thigh called?
fascia lata
Which part of the fascia lata is called the iliotibial tract? What two muscles are attached to it?
inferior part
gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae
What are the actions of the gluteus maximus muscle?
external rotation and extension
What are the actions of the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia latae?
abducts and internally rotates
Anterior to which muscle are the roots of the sacral plexus found?
piriformis
What ventral rami compose the sacral plexus?
L4 & 5, S1, 2, 3 & 4
what are the two main branches of the sacral plexus?
sciatic nerve and pudental nerve
What forms the lumbosacral trunk?
Union of L4 & 5
What is the root value of the superior gluteal nerve?
L4-S1
What is the largest nerve in the body?
sciatic nerve
What is the actions of the hamstrings on the hip and knee joint?
Extension at the hip joint
Flexion at the knee joint
What nerve innervates the posterior thigh muscles?
sciatic nerve
Which leg bone is not involved in the knee joint?
fibula
What are the 4 main ligaments of the knee?
lateral collateral, medial collateral, posterior cruciate and anterior cruciate
Where does the lateral collateral ligament extend?
from lateral epicondyle of femur to lateral surface of head of the fibula
what tendon separates the LCL from the lateral meniscus
tendon of popliteus
Where does the medial collateral ligament extend?
from medial epicondyle of the femur to medial meniscus and medial surface of tibia
The anterior cruciate ligament prevents the femur from sliding…?
posteriorly
what is the main function of the menisci?
reduces friction during movement
What muscles flex the knee joint?
biceps femoris, semitendinous and semimembranous
popliteus facilitates flexion
What muscles extend the knee joint?
quadriceps femoris, sartorius
What are the 4 bursae surrounding the knee?
suprapatellar bursa, subcutaneous prepatellar bursa, deep infrapatellar bursa and subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa
What is bursitis?
infection and inflammation of bursa
What 3 compartments are the muscles of the leg divided into?
anterior, lateral and posterior
What 4 muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?
tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallicus lonus, fibularis terius
What are the two divisions of the sciatic nerve?
tibial nerve & common fibular nerve
What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the leg?
deep fibular nerve
What terminal branch of the popliteal artery supplies the anterior leg?
anterior tibial artery
What does the anterior tibial artery continue as at the ankle joint?
dorsalis pedis artery
What 2 muscles are in the lateral compartment of the leg?
fibularis longus and fibularis brevis
What are the actions of the lateral compartment leg muscles?
evert the foot and plantarflex the ankle joint
What nerve supplies lateral compartment of the leg?
superficial fibular nerve
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
synovial hinge
