Lower limb Flashcards
3 Function of lower limb
locomotion, supporting body weight, balance
2 parts of the lower limb
- trunk
2. free LL segments
3 parts of trunk segment
- half of pelvic girdle
- gluteal and inguinal regions
- hip joint
3 parts of LL - give both names
- thigh (femoris)
- leg (Crus)
- Foot (pes)
term for leg
crural
term for top of foot
Dorsum
Term for hip area
coxal
hollow posterior knee
popliteal
term for calf
sural
sole of foot
plantar
back of hand
dorsum
function of deep fascia of LL
increases efficiency of vein compression
what is the fascia lata?
deep fascia of the thigh
what holds together the fascia lata laterally?
iliotibial tract
the fascia lata is formed by the conjoint aponeuroses of which 2 muscles?
- tensor fascia lata
2. gluteus maximus
name of opening in fascia lata
saphenous opening
what does the fascia lata continue as as it travels inferior to knee?
Crural fascia - deep fascia of the leg
where does the iliotibial tract run to and from?
iliac tubercle to anterolateral tibial tubercle
another name for anterolateral tibial tubercle?
gerdy’s tubercle
which margins does the falciform ligament cover on the saphenous opening?
superior, lateral and medial
what forms the medial margin of the saphenous opening?
cribiform fascia
describe the cribiform fascia; what does it allow passage of?
covers saphenous opening - allows passage of greater saphenous vein
what is dorsiflexion?
pointing toes up
term for moving toes down
plantar flexion
what is flexion of knee
bending knee backwards
3 compartments of fascia lata
anterior, posterior, medial
3 intermuscular septa of fascia
anterior, lateral, medial
movement of muscles in anterior compartment - fascia lata
- flex hip
- extend knee (quads)
movement of muscles in posterior compartment - fascia lata
- extend hip
- flex knee (hamstrings)
movement of muscles in medial compartment - fascia lata
adduct, flex and extend hip
what is supination of foot?
tilting foot on little toe
what is pronation of the foot/
titlting foot on big toe
3 compartments of crural fascia
anterior, posterior, lateral
3 septa of crural fasci
anterior, posterior, transverse
where does the transverse septum travel in the crural fascia
from the lateral side, between deep and sup posterior compartmetn to the tibia
movement of muscles in anterior compartment - crural fascia
- dorsiflexion of foot
- supination of foot
movement of muscles in lateral compartment - crural fascia
- plantar flexion of foot
- pronation of foot
movement of muscles in posterior compartment - crural fascia
- knee flexion
- plantar flexion of foot
- pronation of foot
5 type of joints in LL
- pelvic girdle
- hip joints
- knee joints
- tibiofibular joint
- ankle joint
3 bones which make up pelvic girdle
- coccyx
- innominate
- sacrum
3 functions of pelvic girdle
- protect viscera
- allow attachment to LL
- stabilises back
how many joints in pelvis girdle?
4
what are the 4 joints of the pelvic girdle?
- sacroiliac
- sacrococcygeal symphysis
- pubic symphysis
- lumbosacral junction
what 2 bones does the lumbosacrol junction join?
- 5th lumbar vertebrae
2. sacrum
which 2 bones in the pelvic girdle are non-synvoial? what are the differences between the 2?
- public symphysis - immobile
2. sacrococcygeal symphysis - mobile
which bone in the pelvic girdle is synvoial?
sacroiliac
name pelvic ligament that travels up and down spinal column
ant and post longitudinal
name pelvic ligament that extends from sacrum to coccyx
ant and post sacrococcygeal
name pelvic ligament that extends from ilium to L4 and L5
iliolumbar
name pelvic ligament that extends from sacrum to iliac
sacroiliac
name pelvic ligament that extends from the tuberosities of the sacrum and the ilium
interosseous sacroiliac
name pelvic ligament that extends between the 2 pubic bones
sup and inf pubic
name pelvic ligament that extends from ASIS to pubic tubercle
inguinal
name pelvic ligament that lies posterior sacrum
sacrotuberous
name pelvic ligament that extends from the lateral sacrum and coccyx to the ishcial spine
sacrospinous
which ligmanet creates sciatic foramen
sacrotuberous
function of sacrotuberous
divides sciatic foramen transversely into greater and lesser
where is the hip joint?
between femoral head and acetabalum
what deepends the hip joint further?
acetabular labrum
2 types of hip ligament?
intracapsular and extracapsular
non cartilaginous part of acetabular labrum
transverse acetabular
fold over the weak ligament of head of femur
synovial fold
what does the synovial fold allow access to the head of the femur?
obturator artery
2 intracapsular hip joint ligaments
- transverse acetabalur
2. weak ligament of the head of femur
3 extracapsular hip joint ligaments
- ant and sup iliofemoral
- ant and inf pubofemoral
- ischiofemoral
where does the transverse acetabular span?
acetabular notch
where does the weak ligament of the femur span?
narrow edge - fovea of femur
wide - acetabular notch
what is the strongest ligament in the body? where is it?
ant and sup iliofemoral - hip joint
function of pubofemoral ligament
prevents over abduction
why are hip/femur fractures common in females >60
weak femur head due to osteoporosis
2 causes of femur fracture
- trauma
2. osteoarthritis
what is a congential hip dislocation
when the femur head has been pushed out of the socket
what does superior dislocation of the femur head inhibit?
abduction of hip
name for condition where hip drops during walking
positive Trendelenburg sign
treatment for congential hip dislocation
pavlik harness
what else can cause positive Trendelenburg sign
Superior gluteal nerve injury
which types of acquired hip dislocations can occur
posterior and anterior
what else can be injured in a posterior acquired hip doislocation?
sciatic nerve injury
where is the subinguinal space?
deep to inguinal ligament
superficial to pubic bone
2 compartments of subinguinal space
- lateral muscular
2. medial vascular
margins of lateral muscular sub-I space
inguinal ligament
ASIS
iliopectineal arch
what is the iliopectineal arch a thickening of?
iliopsoas fascia
margins of medial vascular sub-I space
inguinal ligament
iliopectineal arch
lacunar ligament
what is the medial vascular sub-I space lined by
femoral sheath
compartments of medial vascular sub-I space- how are they separated?
lateral, central, medial
septa of femoral sheath
what is the opening of the femoral canal called?
femoral ring
what does the lateral muscular sub-I space contain? 3
iliopsoas
fem nerve
lateral fem cutaneous nerve
what is iliopsoas made out of
iliacus and psoas major
in which compartment is the fem vein?
medial compartment of medial vascular sub-I space
what is contained in the lateral compartment of the medial vascular sub-I space
fem artery
what is contained in the medial compartment of the medial vascular sub-I space
femoral canal
what does the femoral triangle contain?
- fem nerve and branches
2. fem sheath and contents
margins of femoral triangle
inguinal canal
sartorius
adductus longus
where does the adductor canal lie?
apex of femoral triangle
function of adductor canal
allows fem A+V to travel inferiorly to become popliteal A+V
what is a femoral hernia?
when tissue pokes through the saphenous opening
which anterior rami make up lumbar plexus?
L1-L4
name 7 nerves in lumbar plexus
- iliohypogastric
- ilioinguinal
- Genitofemoral
- lateral femoral cutaneous
- femoral
- Obturator
- lumbosacral trunk
Origination of iliohypgastric nerve
posterior L1
Origination of ilioinguinal nerve
posterior L1
Origination of genitofemoral nerve
anterior L1
Origination of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
posterior L2 and L3
Origination of femoral nerve
Posterior L2-4
Origination of obturator nerve
Anterior L1, L3 L4
Origination of lumbosacral trunk
L5
which nerve supplies muscles of anterior compartment of thigh
Femoral
which nerve supplies muscles of medial compartment of thigh - except which muscle?
obturator
except hamstrings of adductor magnus
8 nerves of the sacral plexus
- sup gluteus
- inf gluteus
- N to piriformis
- N to quadratus femoris
- N to obturator internus
- pundendal
- smaller cutaneous nerce
- coccygeal
what 2 muscles do superior gluteus supply?
Glut medius and maximus
what muscle does inferior gluteal supply?
glut maximus
