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SSM > 1 and 2. CNS anatomy I > Flashcards

1 and 2. CNS anatomy I Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: A longitudinal band of endoderm thickens to form the neural plate

A

False - it is the ectoderm which does this

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2
Q

True or false: Neural crest cells form peripheral neural structures such as adrenal medulla cells

A

true

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3
Q

which end does the neural tube fuse first?

A

rostral (head) end

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4
Q

Protrusion of the meninges and the brain tissue through the skull, due to incomplete closure of the neural tube is known as..?

A

Meningo-encephalocele

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5
Q

which of the following is not a primary brain vesicle?

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
mylencephalon
rhombencephalon

A

mylencephalon

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6
Q

from which primary brain vesicle does the cerebellum arise?

A

rhombencephalon

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7
Q

which of the following arises from the metencephalon?

pons
basal ganglia 
dorsal thalamus 
brainstem 
cerebral hemisphere
A

pons

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8
Q

what is the innermost meningeal layer?

A

pia mater

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9
Q

The CSF is produced in the choroid plexus of what ventricle?

A

Lateral ventricle

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10
Q

True or false- the lateral ventricles communicate directly with each other and the third ventricle?

A

false

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11
Q

which artery supplies the temporal lobe?

A

middle cerebral artery

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12
Q

how many arteries supply the brain? what are they?

A

2

internal carotid & vertebral

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13
Q

in which way does differentiation occur?

A

dorsal to ventral (back to front)

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14
Q

3 germ cell layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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15
Q

what organs does the ectoderm form?

A

skin and nervous system

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16
Q

what organs does the mesoderm form?

A

muscle, CT, skeleton

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17
Q

what organs does the endoderm form?

A

digestive/respiratory tubes

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18
Q

what produces signalling chemicals which cause the differentiation of the ectoderm?

A

notochord

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19
Q

what ectoderm is formed by the signalling chemicals?

A

neuroectoderm

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20
Q

which two signalling chemicals form skin?

A

retinoic acid and Shh

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21
Q

which two signalling chemicals form neural tissue?

A

BMP - bone morphogenic proteins - noggin and chordin

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22
Q

when the neural tube is being fused, which part fuses first?

A

top - rostral

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23
Q

in terms of signalling molecules, how is skin formed?

A

BMPs are switched off

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24
Q

3 clinical implications which cause alterations of neural tube closure?

A
  1. spina bifida
  2. vit a deficiency
  3. folic acid deficiency
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25
Q

what is spina bifida?

A

incomplete closure of the neural tube

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26
Q

what is anencephaly?

A

being headless

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27
Q

what is holoprosencephaly?

A

where right and left hemispheres of the brain dont form

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28
Q

define meningocele

A

meninges protruding into skull

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29
Q

define meninogoencephalocele

A

meninges + brain tissue protruding the skull

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30
Q

meningohydroencephalocele

A

meninges + brain tissue + CSF/ventral system protruding the skull

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31
Q

why is vit A deficiency/excess a problem in terms of neural tube formation?

A

The RA concentration differs - which causes the differentiation of different tissues. If there is excess/deficiency it can disrupt the gradient concentration.

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32
Q

when is folic acid taken and what for?

A

pregnancy - prevent dystrophic defects to neural tube

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33
Q

Neural crest cells break off from the neural tube and travel around the body. What do they join to which determines their future?

A

chemical stimulators or chemical inhibitors

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34
Q

what 4 types of cell do neural crest cells become?

A
  1. sensory ganglia
  2. autonomic ganglia
  3. dorsal kidney - adrenal medulla cells
  4. non-neural cells (melanocytes)
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35
Q

4 primary vesicles

A
  1. prosencephalon
  2. mesencephalon
  3. rhombencephalon
  4. spinal cord
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36
Q

name the embryonic brain parts for each of the 4 primary vesicles

A 
pros 
- telencephalon 
- diencephalon 
mesencephalon 
rhomb 
- metencephalon 
- myeloncephalon 
spinal cord
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37
Q

what adult brain derivatives are formed by the telencephalon? (5)

A
  1. cerebral cortex
  2. basal ganglia
  3. hippocampus
  4. olfactory bulb
  5. basal forebrain
38
Q

what adult brain derivatives are formed by the diencephalon? (2)

A

dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus

39
Q

what adult brain derivatives are formed by the metencephalon?

A

cerebellum and pons

40
Q

what adult brain derivatives are formed by the myelencephalon?

A

medulla

41
Q

what cerebral spaces are associated with the following;

  1. telencephalon
  2. diencephalon
  3. mesencephalon
  4. rhombencephalon
  5. spinal cord
A
  1. lateral ventricle
  2. third ventricle
  3. cerebral aqueduct
  4. 4th ventricle
  5. central canal
42
Q

4 things which make up forebrain

A
  1. cerebral cortex
  2. thalamus
  3. hypothalamus
  4. cortical white matter
43
Q

which embryonic derivative makes up the forebrain?

A

telencephalon

44
Q

what does the tectum form in the midbrain?

A

superior and inferior colliculi

45
Q

what does the tegmentum form in the midbrain?

A

substantia nigra and red nucleus

46
Q

what is lost in parkinson’s disease

A

substantia nigra

47
Q

what flows in the cerebral aqueduct?

A

CSF

48
Q

what moves up to form the cerebellum?

A

rhombic lips

49
Q

what lies between the pons and cerebellum?

A

4th ventricle

50
Q

which part of the brain contains sensory and motor nuclei?

A

medulla

51
Q

what part of the spinal cord is motor and which is sensory?

A

motor - ventral

sensory - dorsal

52
Q

3 cranial meninges (inner to outer)

A
  1. pia mater
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. dura mater
53
Q

which cranial meninge has a membrane which dips to form the sagittal sinus?

A

dura mater

54
Q

describe composition of each of the cranial meninges

A 
dura = tough fibrous loose membrane 
arachnoid = soft loose membrane 
pia = thin
55
Q

where can brain bleeds occur? what are they?

A

CSF - leaking into gaps between the cranial meninges

56
Q

where is CSF produced - specifically?

A

chloroid plexus of lateral ventricles

57
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A

when the ventricular system becomes blocked and CSF builds up - causing it to build up in the sagittal sinus - where it can enter the blood stream

58
Q

state the CSF flow

A
  1. lateral ventricle
  2. third ventricle
  3. aqueduct
  4. 4th ventricle
  5. around cerebellum / spinal cord
59
Q

what is meningitis ?

A

inflammation of meninges

60
Q

what type of meningitis is fatal?

A

bacterial

61
Q

what causes meningitis?

A

a chemical reaction where a foreign substance enters the CSF to cause inflammation

62
Q

what is a haematoma

A

clotted blood

63
Q

a haematoma can occur in 4 places in the brain - what are they? and where?

A
  1. intracerebral - inside brain
  2. subarachnoid - between arachnoid and pia mater
  3. subdural - between dura and arachnoid mater
  4. extradural - between dura mater and skull
64
Q

what is shaken baby syndrome ? where does it occur?

A

shaking a baby causing damage to blood vessels - subdural

65
Q

what is hydrocephalus?

A

increased fluid pressure due to obstruction of CSF

66
Q

treatment for hydrocephalus

A

drainage

67
Q

2 main blood vessels supplying the brain

A
  1. common carotid

2. vertebral

68
Q

2 branches of common carotid - what do each of them supply

A 
external = skull
internal = brain
69
Q

3 branches of internal carotid

A
  1. posterior communicating artery
  2. middle cerebral artery
    3 . anterior cerebral artery
70
Q

what artery connects the right and left anterior cerebral arteries?

A

anterior communicating artery

71
Q

2 branches of vertebral artery

A
  1. posterior inferior cerebellar artery

2. basilar artery

72
Q

3 branches of basilar artery

A
  1. ant inf cerebellar artery
  2. superior cerebellar artery
  3. posterior cerebral artery
73
Q

name of structure which allows dual circulation to the brain

A

circle of willis

74
Q

3 arteries which make up circle of willis

A
  1. basilar artery
  2. posterior cerebral artery
  3. anterior communicating artery
75
Q

which artery supplies the visual cortex and inferior temporal lobe

A

posterior cerebral artery

76
Q

which 2 arteries supply anterior brain

A

middle cerebral artery and anterior communicating artery

77
Q

3 veins draining brain

A
  1. superficial
  2. deep
  3. dural venous sinuses
78
Q

what does the superficial vein drain?

A

subarachnoid space

79
Q

what does the deep vein drain?

A

internal structures

80
Q

where does the deep vein drain into

A

great cerebral vein

81
Q

what does the dural venous vein drain?

A

channels between 2 layers of dura mater - superior and inferior sagitall sinuses

82
Q

where do all veins meet

A

confluence of the sinuses

83
Q

describe venous flow from the confluence of sinuses

A

transverse + sigmoid sinus
jugular vein
vena cava

84
Q

what can the occlusion/blockage of the cerebral artery cause

A

infarction/embolism

85
Q

what is cerebral haemorrhage

A

rupture of blood vessel

86
Q

what is an aneursym

A

swelling of a blood vessel

87
Q

what is arteriovenous malformation

A

a congenital abnormality which causes arterial and venous blood to mix

88
Q

what structure arises from the prosencephalon and is sometimes known as the relay centre for motor & ssensory info?

A

thalamus

89
Q

In which structyre would you find superoir and inferior colliculi?

A

midbrain

90
Q

In which brain structure would u find substantia nigra?

A

midbrain

91
Q

which of the cerebellar peduncles is the largest and mainly incoming?

A

middle

92
Q

true or false - Large cell bodies of descending motor neurones lie in the ventral horn of the spinal cord?

A

true

SSM (11 decks)

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