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SSM > 3 and 4. CNS Anatomy II > Flashcards

3 and 4. CNS Anatomy II Flashcards

1
Q

4 subdivisions of thalamus - function/other name

A
  1. dorsal thalamus - relay centre
  2. ventral subthalamus - basal ganglia
  3. epithalamus- pineal gland
  4. hypothalamus
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2
Q

3 types of nuclei of thalamus

A
  1. lateral
  2. anterior
  3. medial
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3
Q

what do the medial nuclei link to?

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

which thalamic nuclei are part of the limbic system?

A

anterior

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5
Q

which thalamic nuclei are known as the geniculate nuclei?

A

lateral

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6
Q

2 subtypes of geniculate nuclei of the thalamus + their functions

A
  1. lateral = vision

2. medial = hearing

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7
Q

which nuclei of the thalamus are for emotion only? which are for mood and emotion?

A 
emotion = anterior 
both = medial
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8
Q

which part of the brain controls homeostasis?

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

where is the hippocampus located?

A

in medial temporal lobe - behind amygdala

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10
Q

function of hippocampus?

A

memory

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11
Q

how is info sent from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus?

A

fornix

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12
Q

difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?

A 
retrograde = can recall new memories and not long term memories 
anterograde = new memories cannot be formed
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13
Q

where is the cell damage in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

hippocampus

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14
Q

which syndrome causes cell damage to the hippocampus and is related to alcoholism and thymine deficiency?

A

KorsaKoff’s syndrome

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15
Q

function of amygdala?

A

Fear and aggression

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16
Q

Which structure connects the 2 stalks of the brain hemispheres?

A

midbrain

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17
Q

what sections are created by the midbrain - where are they?

A

tectum - dorsal brain

tegmentum - ventral

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18
Q

2 parts of the tectum - function

A
  1. superior colliculi = visual

2. inferior colliculi = auditory

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19
Q

4 parts of tegmentum and fucntion

A
  1. substantia nigra = movement
  2. red nucleus = movement
  3. periaqueaductal gray = pain regulatio
  4. cerebral peduncles
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20
Q

what does the pons connect?

A

the cerebral hemisphres to the cerebellum

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21
Q

3 functions of pons

A
  1. respiration = reticular formarion
  2. adrenergic system = locus coeruleus
  3. postural control
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22
Q

name of tracts in medulla oblongata

A

corticospinal tracts

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23
Q

what do the corticospinal tracts contsin

A

medullary pyramids

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24
Q

function of medualla

A

send info from cerebrum to spinal cord

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25
Q

function of cochlear nuclei

A

auditory

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26
Q

function of gustatory nulcei

A

taste

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27
Q

function of somatosensory nuclei

A

sensation

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28
Q

what do the raphe nuclei contain

A

serotonin nuclei

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29
Q

where are peduncles

A

cerebellum

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30
Q

what are penducles?

A

bundles of white matter which connect cerebellum to midbrain and brainstem

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31
Q

3 types of peducles?

A
  1. superior
  2. middle
  3. inferior
32
Q

where do axons extend to in superior peduncle

A

cerebellum to red nuclei (midbrain) and thalamic nuclei

33
Q

where do axons extend to in middle peduncle

A

pontine nuclei to cerebellum

34
Q

what is the cerebellar cortex?

A

superficial layer of cerebellum

35
Q

what is cerebellar ataxia?

A

damage to cerebellar which causes the lost ability for the brain to make comparisons between intended movement and actual movement

36
Q

3 main regions of cerebellum

A
  1. cerebro
  2. spino
  3. vestibulo
37
Q

which region of the cerebellum is responisble for the regulation of highly skilled movements

A

cerebro

38
Q

function of vestibulo-cerebellum

A

regulation of movements for posture and q

39
Q

4 sections of spinal cord (superior to inferior)

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral
40
Q

which part of the spinal cord contains motor neurones , and which for sensory?

A 
motor = ventral 
sensory = dorsal
41
Q

where are sulci an gyri located?

A

cerebral cortex

42
Q

what 2 things separate each hemisphere?

A

longitudinal fissure and sagittal sulcus

43
Q

what does the central sulcus separate?

A

frontal and parietal lobes

44
Q

what separates the temporal lobe from the rest of brain?

A

lateral fissure

45
Q

4 lobes of brain

A
  1. frontal
  2. temporal
  3. parietal
  4. occipital
46
Q

how does cytoarchitecture separate areas of the brain?

A

histologically

47
Q

how many layers of cells does the neocortex have?

A

6

48
Q

how many layers of cells does the hippocampus have?

A

3-4

49
Q

which layer is wider in areas which recieve sensory info?

A

lamina IV (4)

50
Q

which layer is wider in areas which recieve motor info?

A

lamina V (5)

51
Q

where are pyramidal cells located?

A

layers 3,5, 6

52
Q

what shape are stellate cells and where are they?

A

star shaped

layer 4

53
Q

number of cell layers in hippocampus - what are the names?

A

3

  1. granular
  2. polymorphic
  3. pyramidal
54
Q

number of cell layers in cerebellum - what are the names?

A

4

  1. molecular
  2. purkinje
  3. granule
  4. white matter
55
Q

what cells are contained in the white matter layer?

A

glial

56
Q

Brodmann area for visual

A

17, 18

57
Q

Brodmann area for auditory

A

41, 42

58
Q

Brodmann area for speech - what is this called?

A

44, 45 (Broca’s area)

59
Q

which imaging techniques detect structural changes to the brain?

A

CT, MRI

60
Q

which imaging techniques detect functional changes to the brain?

A

PET, fMRI

61
Q

give 3 examples of structural changes to the brain

A
  1. tumours
  2. brain shrinkage
  3. swelling
62
Q

give 2 examples of functional changes to the brain

A
  1. brain metabolism

2, blood flow

63
Q

what is the association cortex?

A

majority of brain which is used to integrate info from different parts of the brain - cognition

64
Q

areas of the brain responsible for input into the association cortex?

A
  1. primary and secondary sensory and motor cortex
  2. thalamus
  3. brainstem
65
Q

areas of the brain responsible for output into the association cortex? (4)

A
  1. hippocampus
  2. basal ganglia
  3. cerebellum
  4. thalamus
66
Q

which part of brain is responsible for responding to stimuli?

A

parietal association cortex

67
Q

function of temporal association cortex

A

recognition of objects and memory

68
Q

what is prosopagnosia?

A

lesions in temporal association cortex leading to deficiets in recognition

69
Q

function of frontal association cortex?

A

planningg

70
Q

in the majority of people who are right handed - where is their speech area?

A

left hemisphere

71
Q

what is aphasia?

A

damage to Broca’s area - inability to produce/comprehend language

72
Q

area and number of Brodmann area which is for understanding language?

A

Wernicke’s - 22

73
Q

lesions affecting
i) Brocas
ii) Wernicke’s
cause what?

A

i) issues in language production

ii) fluent speech that doesnt make sense

74
Q

how are Broca’s and Wernicke’s area linked in the brain?

A

Arcutae fasciculus

75
Q

what is agraphia?

A

inability to write

76
Q

what is anomia?

A

inability to name things

SSM (11 decks)

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