Lower Limb 4 Flashcards
Describe the popliteal fossa
Fat filled and diamond shaped space located posterior to knee joint
What muscle is the medial boundary of the popliteal fossa?
Semimembranosus
What muscle is the lateral boundary of the popliteal fossa?
Biceps femoris
What is 1?
Biceps femoris
What is 2?
Semimembranosus
What is 3?
Semitendinosus
What is 4?
Tibial nerve
What is 5?
Popliteal artery
What is 6?
Common fibular nerve
What relation is the popliteal artery to the popliteal vein?
Inferior
What muscle forms the inferior boundary of the popliteal fossa?
Gastrocnemius
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
Fat, popliteal artery, popliteal vein, tibial nerve, common fibular nerve and popliteal LNs and vessels
Where does the popliteal artery emerge from?
Adductor hiatus - femoral artery then becomes popliteal artery
Which nerve innervates gastrocnemius?
Tibial nerve
What is the function of the small muscle with a very long tendon in superficial muscle of leg?
Plantaris
What is the function of the plantaris?
Weakly assists with gastrocnemius in plantarflexion
What is A?
Calcaneal tendon - Achilles tendon
What is B?
Soleus
What is C?
Lateral and medial head of gastrocnemius
What is D?
Plantaris
What is the attachment and insertion of the Achilles tendon?
Attaches to strong terminal attachment of gastrocnemius passing down to insert onto posterior aspect of calcaneus bone
What are the 4 muscles of the deep group of posterior leg muscles?
Popliteus
Flexor hallicus longus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorium longus
What is 1?
Popliteus
What is 2?
Flexor hallicus longus
What is 3?
Tibialis posterior
What is 4?
Flexor digitorium longus
Which nerve and vessel accompany 3 muscle tendons through the ‘door of the foot’?
Posterior tibial artery and tibial nerve
What 3 muscle tendons enter through the ‘door of the foot’?
Flexor hallicus longus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorium longus
This means they avoid being compressed by calcaneus
Which nerve innervates all the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve
Which branch of the popliteal artery supplies posterior compartment of leg?
Posterior tibial artery
What is 1?
Talus
What is 2?
Calcaneus
What is 3?
Navicular
What is 4?
Cuboid
What is 5?
Cuneiforms
What is 6?
Metatarsals
What is the deep fascia of the foot called?
Plantar fascia - supports arch of foot and acts as spring when pushing off from normal walking gait
Describe plantar fasciitis
Felt as heel pain and brought on by overuse (running) or increase in weight and/ or age
Treatment/ management - rest, strengthening exercises or as steroid injections
What movements of the ankle are achieved at the mortise joint of the ankle?
Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
What movements occur at the subtalar joint of the ankle?
Inversion and eversion
What type of joint is the talonavicular joint?
Synovial ball and socket joint - allows pivot of foot from side to side
What type of joint is the talocalcaneal joint?
Synovial plane joint - allows some lateral sliding movement
Why are the talonavicular and talocalcaneal joint important?
Essential for weight distribution when walking on uneven ground and balancing on one leg
What are the arches of the foot?
Longitudinal and transverse arches
What is the role of the arches of the foot?
Distribute body weight onto main fat pads and the curvature acts as a shock absorber
What ligament helps maintain the medial longitudinal arch?
Plantar calcaneo-navicular or spring ligament
What are the passive factors maintaining the integrity of the arch of the foot?
Shape of united bones
Plantar aponeurosis ligament or spring ligament
Long plantar ligament
Short plantar ligament
What are the dynamic factors maintaining the integrity of the arch of the foot?
Intrinsic muscles of the foot
Long flexor tendons
Tendon of tibialis anterior and fibularis longus muscles
What are high arches of the foot due to?
Often congenital abnormalities causing fixed contractions of flexor muscles
What are flat feet due to?
Common problem with increasing age, due to dysfunction of one or more of the dynamic or passive factors
What is congenital clubfoot?
Ankle is plantarflexed with abnormal adduction/ inversion of the hindfoot and forefoot
Shortness and tightness of muscles, tendons, ligaments and joint capsules
How many layers of muscles does the foot have?
4 layers
What is the function of the first layer of muscles in the foot?
Flexes the toes which initiates first part of gait cycle
What structures are found within layer 2 of the foot muscles?
Posterior tibial artery and tbial nerve
What is A?
Flexor digitorium brevis
What is B?
Abductor digitorium minimi
What is C?
Abductor hallicus
What is A?
Lumbricals
What is B?
Quadratus plantae
What is C?
Flexor hallicus longus
What is D?
Flexor digitorium longus
What are the 2 terminal branches of the foot which innervate intrinsic muscles of the foot?
Medial plantar and lateral plantar nerves
What are the 2 terminal branches of the the posterior tibial artery which supply the foot region?
Lateral plantar and medial plantar arteries
What is the action of layer 3 muscles in the foot?
Adductors and short flexors of the foot
What does layer 4 of the foot contain?
Interossei - plantar and dorsal interossei
What is the role of the plantar interossei of the foot?
Adduct the digits
What is the role of the dorsal interossei of the foot?
Abduct the digits
