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MSK - Anatomy > Lower Limb 2 > Flashcards

Lower Limb 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the neurovascular structures of the anterior aspect of lower limb enter through?

A

Femoral triangle

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2
Q

What is the medial boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Adductor longus muscle

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3
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Medial border of the sartorius muscle

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4
Q

Which structure form the base of the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament

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5
Q

Which muscles form the vast proportion of the femoral triangle?

A

Pectineus, iliopsoas and adductor longus muscle

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6
Q

What are the 3 major structures present in the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral nerve, artery and vein

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7
Q

What is the femoral sheath?

A

Funnel shaped connective tissue tube which surrounds the proximal parts of the femoral vessels but not the nerve
Creates femoral canal medial to these vessels

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8
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the femoral sheath?

A

Lateral - femoral artery
Intermediate - femoral vein
Medial - femoral nerve

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9
Q

What are the contents of the femoral canal?

A

Fat and loose connective tissue
Lymphatic vessels

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10
Q

Describe femoral hernia

A

Femoral ring is a weak area in the anterior abdominal wall
Activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure can cause abdominal contents to push into area and become trapped
More common in females

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11
Q

Where does the femoral artery begin?

A

Inguinal ligament as continuation of external iliac artery

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12
Q

What 2 bony surface markings does the femoral artery enter thigh between?

A

Anterior iliac spine and pubic symphysis

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13
Q

What is the deep artery of the thigh?

A

Profundus femoris

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14
Q

What is the femoral vein a continuation of?

A

Great saphenous vein

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15
Q

What does the femoral vein become?

A

External iliac vein as passes under inguinal ligament

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16
Q

Which 2 important veins drain into femoral triangle?

A

Profunda femoris and greater saphenous vein

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17
Q

What is the largest branch of the lumbar plexus?

A

Femoral nerve

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18
Q

Where does the femoral nerve enter the thigh?

A

Passes deep to inguinal ligament and enters femoral triangle lateral to femoral vessels

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19
Q

What is the adductor canal?

A

Neurovascular structures of anterior thigh pass distally towards apex of femoral triangle and pass deep to musculature where wrapped in fascial sheath

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20
Q

Where does the adductor canal extend to?

A

Extends until it reaches an anatomical opening in the adductor magnus muscles called adductor hiatus

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21
Q

What is the artery which leaves the adductor hiatus?

A

Journey through allowed anterior femoral artery to become posterior popliteal artery

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22
Q

What is the roots of lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4
T12 contributes to the lumbar plexus 50% of the time

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23
Q

What is E?

A

Ilio-hypogastric nerve

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24
Q

What is F?

A

Ilioinguinal nerve

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25
Q

What is G?

A

Genitofemoral nerve

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26
Q

What is H?

A

Lateral cutaneous nerve

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27
Q

What is I?

A

Obturator nerve

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28
Q

What is J?

A

Femoral nerve

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29
Q

What are the 2 main motor nerves of lumbar plexus supplying the lower limb?

A

Obturator and femoral nerves

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30
Q

What is the main sensory nerve of the lumbar plexus supplying the lower limb?

A

Lateral cutaneous nerve

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31
Q

What is the nerve root value of the motor nerves from lumbar plexus?

A

L2, 3 and 4

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32
Q

What is the nerve root of the lateral cutaneous nerve?

A

L2 and 3

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33
Q

What are the ligaments creating the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Sacroiliac and sacrospinal ligaments

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34
Q

Which sciatic foramen is the route of structures entering of leaving the pelvis?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

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35
Q

Which sciatic foramen is the route of structures entering or leaving the perineum?

A

Lesser sciatic foramen

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36
Q

What is top left arrow pointing to?

A

Gluteus medius

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37
Q

What is the bottom left arrow pointing to?

A

Gluteus maximus

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38
Q

What is the right arrow pointing to?

A

Gluteus minimus

39
Q

What is the nerve supply to gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

40
Q

What is the nerve supply to gluteus medius and minimus?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

41
Q

What is the nerve supply of tensor fascia lata?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

42
Q

What are the actions of the gluteus maximus muscle?

A

Extends hip joint and assists in lateral rotation

43
Q

What are the actions of the gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fascia lata?

A

Abduction and medial rotators of the hip joint

44
Q

What is the deep fascia of the thigh called?

A

Fascia lata
Extends posteriorly from anterior thigh and is thickened laterally to form the iliotibial tract

45
Q

What 2 muscles attach to the iliotibial tract?

A

Tensor fascia lata and gluteus maximus

46
Q

Why is the iliotibial tract important?

A

Stabilisation to the lateral aspect of the knee joint

47
Q

Which muscles does the sacral plexus lie on?

A

Piriformis muscle

48
Q

What are the ventral roots which make up the sacral plexus?

A

L4, L5 and S1-4

49
Q

What does the sacral plexus supply?

A

Posterior aspect of lower limb including perineum

50
Q

What are the 2 main branches of the sacral plexus?

A

Sciatic nerve and pudenal nerve

51
Q

What is the root value of superior gluteal nerve?

A

L4-S1

52
Q

What is the root value of the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

L5-S2

53
Q

What plexus are the superior and inferior gluteal nerves from?

A

Sacral
They are smaller motor branches off the sacral plexus

54
Q

What are the other branches of the sacral plexus which innervate the lower limbs?

A

Nerve to piriformis
Posterior cutaneous nerve to thigh
Nerve to quadratus femoris
Nerve to obturator internus

55
Q

What is the largest nerve in the body?

A

Sciatic nerve

56
Q

What is the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

57
Q

What is the course of the sciatic nerve?

A

Passes through greater sciatic foramen, inferior to piriformis muscle, passing behind deep abductors to hip joint between ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter of the femur to enter posterior compartment of thigh

58
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve split and what are the 2 nerves called?

A

Divides at popliteal fossa
Into tibial nerve and common fibular nerve

59
Q

Describe sciatica

A

L5 vertebrae is most common place
Compression of nerve roots where proximal compression causes electric shock type pain passing from back to toes

60
Q

What are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Hamstrings - 3 muscles

61
Q

What are the 3 heads of the hamstrings?

A

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

62
Q

What is the action of the hamstrings on the knee and hip joint?

A

Extend at hip joint and flex at knee joint

63
Q

Which nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Sciatic nerve

64
Q

Which branch of the femoral artery contributes blood supply to posterior muscle compartment?

A

Deep femoral artery

65
Q

What is A?

A

Semitendinosus

66
Q

What is B?

A

Semimembranosus

67
Q

What is C?

A

Biceps femoris - long head

68
Q

What is D?

A

Biceps femoris - short head

69
Q

What is the most important muscle which stabilises the knee joint?

A

Quadriceps femoris

70
Q

What is A?

A

Fibular collateral ligament

71
Q

What is B?

A

Tibial collateral ligament

72
Q

What is C?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

73
Q

What is D?

A

Posterior cruciate ligament

74
Q

Where does the fibular/ lateral collateral ligament (LCL) stretch to and from?

A

Extends from lateral epicondyle of the femur to the lateral surface of head of the fibula
Tendon on the popliteus muscle passes deep to LCL separating it from lateral meniscus

75
Q

Where does the tibial/ medial collateral ligament (MCL) extend to and from?

A

Extends from medial epicondyle of femur to medial surface to tibia, with attachment to medial epicondyle of tibia
MCL is attached onto medial meniscus at its midpoint

76
Q

What does the anterior cruciate ligament prevent?

A

Prevents femur from sliding posteriorly on the tibia

77
Q

What does the posterior cruciate ligament prevent?

A

Prevents femur from sliding anteriorly on the tibia

78
Q

What movement causes disruption to the ACL and how is the healing sometimes impaired?

A

Twisting decelerating motions
Poor blood supply to ACL

79
Q

What is the function of the popliteus muscle?

A

When flexing from a fully extended position, the muscle rotates the femur laterally on the tibia allowing unimpeded movement of the joint

80
Q

What are the menisci of the knee joint?

A

Crescent shaped plates of fibrocartilage on the articular surface of the tibia

81
Q

What is B?

A

Medial meniscus

82
Q

What is C?

A

Lateral meniscus

83
Q

What is D?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

84
Q

What is E?

A

Posterior cruciate ligaments

85
Q

What is the main function of the menisci?

A

Plays a role in shock absorption

86
Q

Which meniscus adheres firmly to the deep surfaces of the tibial or medial collateral ligament?

A

Medial meniscus

87
Q

What can cause disruption to the medial meniscus?

A

Any lateral impact on the knee joint risks damaging the medial meniscus and can damage both medial meniscus and ACL
If cartilage loose in joint space then risk of knee locked in flexion or extensions

88
Q

What anchors onto the patella?

A

Superiorly the quadratus femoris tendon
Inferiorly the patellar ligament

89
Q

What are the main bursae of the knee?

A

Suprapatellar, prepatellar, deep infrapatellar and subcutaneous infrapatellar

90
Q

Which bursae communicates with the articular cavity of the knee joint?

A

Suprapatellar bursae - useful for assessing bursal distention for knee effusion

91
Q

What is housemaid’s knee?

A

Inflammation of small fluid filled sac in front of knee cap
Occurs when spend long periods of time kneeling

92
Q

What muscles are involved in knee flexion?

A

Hamstrings, gracilis, sartorius and popliteus

93
Q

What muscles are involved in knee extension?

A

Quadriceps femoris

MSK - Anatomy (11 decks)

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