Lower Limb 3

Question 1

What are the characteristics of a synovial joint?

Answer 1

articular cartilage
articular capsule
synovial fluid
articular disk
intracapsular/extracapsular ligaments

Question 2

What are the ligaments of the fibrous capsule?

Answer 2

LCL and MCL – collateral ligament
PCL (prevents tibia slide BACK) – cruciate ligament
ACL (prevents tibia slide FORWARD)

Question 3

What is the unhappy triad?

Answer 3

MCL, medial meniscus, ACL
- ruptured from a lateral blow

Question 4

What is used for ACL/PCL ligament testing?

Answer 4

Drawer Test
- positive ACL = pull forward (TORN)
- positive PCL = push backward (TORN)

Question 5

What is the osteology of the foot?

Answer 5

cuneiform, cuboid
navicular
talus (medial malleolus) calcaneus (lateral malleolus)

Question 6

What are the compartments of the leg?

Answer 6

Anterior = dorsiflex and extend toes
Lateral = evert
Posterior = plantar flex and flex toes

Question 7

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment?

Answer 7

plantaris
soleus
gastrocnemius

popliteus
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus

Question 8

What is the origin, insertion, action, innervation of the gastrocnemius?

Answer 8

O: medial/lateral condyle femur
I: calcaneus
A: plantar flex foot, flex knee
IN: tibial nerve

Question 9

What is the origin, insertion, action, innervation of the soleus?

Answer 9

O: superior tibia
I: calcaneus
A: plantar flex foot (walk)
IN: tibial nerve

Question 10

What is the origin, insertion, action, innervation of the plantaris?

Answer 10

O: posterior femur
I: calcaneus (thin tendon)
A: plantar flex foot, flex knee
IN: tibial nerve

Question 11

What is the origin, insertion, action, innervation of the popliteus?

Answer 11

O: lateral condyle femur
I: proximal tibia
A: flex and laterally rotate knee
IN: tibial nerve

Question 12

What is the origin, insertion, action, innervation of the flexor digitorum longus?

Answer 12

O: posterior tibia
I: distal phalanges 2-5
A: plantar flex and invert foot, flex toes (grip)
IN: tibial nerve

Question 13

What is the origin, insertion, action, innervation of the flexor hallucis longus?

Answer 13

O: shaft of fibula
I: distal phalanx big toe
A: plantar flex and invert foot, flex toe (push off)
IN: tibial nerve

Question 14

What is the origin, insertion, action, innervation of the tibialis posterior?

Answer 14

O: superior tibia and fibula
I: tarsals and metatarsals 2-4
A: invert and plantar flex foot
IN: tibial nerve

Question 15

What are the muscles in the lateral compartment?

Answer 15

fibularis longus
fibrularis brevis

Question 16

What is the origin, insertion, action, innervation of the fibularis longus?

Answer 16

O: head of fibula
I: 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform
A: evert foot
IN: superficial fibular nerve

Question 17

What is the origin, insertion, action, innervation of the fibularis brevis?

Answer 17

O: distal shaft fibula
I: proximal end 5th metatarsal
A: evert foot
IN: superficial fibular nerve

Question 18

What are the muscles in the anterior compartment?

Answer 18

tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus

Question 19

What is the origin, insertion, action, innervation of the tibialis anterior?

Answer 19

O: upper tibial shaft
I: 1st metatarsal
A: dorsiflex and invert foot
IN: deep fibular nerve

Question 20

What is the origin, insertion, action, innervation of the extensor digitorum longus?

Answer 20

O: lateral condyle tibia
I: distal phalanges 2-5
A: extend toes, dorsiflex foot
IN: deep fibular nerve

Question 21

What is the origin, insertion, action, innervation of the extensor hallucis longus?

Answer 21

O: shaft of tibia
I: distal phalanx big toe
A: extend toe, dorsiflex foot
IN: deep fibular nerve