Heart

Question 1

What are the surface projections of the heart?

Answer 1

Upper right corner = 3rd R costal cartilage
Upper left corner = 2nd L costal cartilage
Lower right corner = 6th R costal cartilage
Lower left corner = 5th L costal cartilage

Question 2

What are the internal features of the heart?

Answer 2

fossa ovalis
pectinate muscles
tricuspid/mitral valves (atrioventricular valves)
chordae tendineae & papillary muscles
pulmonary/aortic valves (semilunar valves)

Question 3

What is the difference between the right and left atria and ventricles?

Answer 3

Atria (R vs L)
- 3 vs 2 blood sources
- 3 vs 2 cusps in AV valve

Ventricle (R vs L)
- thin vs thick
- crescent vs circle

Question 4

What is the development of the heart?

Answer 4

• heart tube folds = 2 chambers
• partitions develop (R vs L)
• pulmonary trunk and aorta twist around each other

Question 5

What are congenital defects of the heart?

Answer 5

• ventricular septal defect
• transposition of the great vessels
• coarctation of aorta
• pulmonary valve stenosis
• tetratology of fallot

Question 6

How to evaluate heart health?

Answer 6

• sound of valves
• “lub” = AV valve close (5th rib)
• “dup” = semilunar valve close (2nd rib)

Question 7

What are the heart sounds and the cardiac cycle?

Answer 7

SYSTOLE
P wave = atrial depolarize
QRS complex = ventricular depolarize
T wave = ventricle relax
DISTOLE

Question 8

What is the autonomic control of heart rate?

Answer 8

Parasympathetic (vagus nerve)
- SA/AV node, coronary arteries = DECREASE HR
Sympathetic
- SA/AV node, cardiac muscle = INCREASE HR