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Lower Limb 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which superficial vein of the lower limb ascends anterior to the medial malleolus of the tibia

A

The great saphenous

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2
Q

Which superficial vein of the lower limb ascends posterior to the medial malleolus

A

The small saphenous

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3
Q

Where does the great saphenous vein empty blood into

A

The femoral vein

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4
Q

Which vessel does the small saphenous vein empty into

A

The popliteal vein

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5
Q

Where do the lymphatic vessels accompanying the great saphenous vein end

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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6
Q

Where do the lymphatic vessels accompanying the small saphenous vein end

A

Popliteal lymph nodes

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7
Q

What is the dermatome for the medial knee

A

L3

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8
Q

What is the dermatome of the little toe

A

S1

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9
Q

What is the name of the structure that deepens the acetabelar cavity

A

Acetabelar labrum

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10
Q

Name the main ligaments of the hip joint

A
  • The ileofemoral ligament
  • The pubofemoral ligament
  • The ischiofemoral ligament
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11
Q

Which ligament prevents Hyperextension of the hip joint

A

The iliofemoral ligament

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12
Q

Which ligament prevents hyperabduction of the hip joint

A

The pubofemoral ligament

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13
Q

Which hip ligament is Y-shaped

A

Ileofemoral

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14
Q

Chief flexor of the thigh

A

Iliopsoas muscle - psoas major and iliacus

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15
Q

What is the main extensor of the hip joint

A

Gluteus maximus (strong when standing from a sitting position and also climbing stairs, but is relatively inactive during normal walking)

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16
Q

Name the 3 bones of the hip

A

Ilium, ischium and pubis

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17
Q

Name the ligaments that connect the sacrum to the pelvis

A

Sacrospinal ligament and sacrotuberal ligament

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18
Q

Describe the path of the pudendal nerve to the perineum

A

Between the pelvic cavity and perineum by passing first through the greater sciatic foramen to enter the gluteal region and then immediately pass through the lesser foramen to enter the perineum

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19
Q

Action of the piriformis

A
  • abduction of the femur when flexed

- lateral rotation of the femur when extended

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20
Q

Action of the obturator internus

A
  • abduction of the femur when flexed

- lateral rotation of the femur when extended

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21
Q

Action of the gemelli

A
  • abduction of the femur when flexed

- lateral rotation of the femur when extended

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22
Q

What is the trendelenburg sign

A

When asked to stand on one leg unsupported the opposite pelvic brim drops. Indicates possible damage to the superior gluteal nerve supplying gluteus minimus and medius

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23
Q

Action of gluteus minimus and medius

A
  • Abduct femur at hip joint
  • secure pelvis over stance leg to prevent opposite side dropping when walking
  • medially rotates thigh
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24
Q

What is the action of the quadratus femoris

A

Laterally rotates femur at hip joint

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25
Q

Which nerve supplies the gluteus minimus and medius

A

The superior gluteal nerve

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26
Q

Name the most superficial and largest muscle of the gluteal region

A

The gluteus maximus

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27
Q

Where do the abductors of the thigh attach

A

The deep gluteal muscles attach to the greater trochanter of the femur

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28
Q

Name the abductors of the thigh

A
  • piriformis
  • obturator internus
  • gemelli - superior and inferior
  • gluteus medius and minimus
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29
Q

Lateral (external) rotators of the femur

A

Gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, piriformis, obturator internus, gemelli superior and inferior and the quadratus femoris

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30
Q

Action of the gluteus maximus

A

Extends the flexed thigh at the hip joint and stabilises the knee and hip joint through insertion into iliotibial tract

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31
Q

Where does the tensor fasciae latae originate

A

The outer margin of the iliac crest from the anterior superior iliac spine to approximately the tuberculum of iliac crest

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32
Q

What is the action of the tensor fasciae latae

A

Stabilizes the knee in extension and stabilises the hip joint by holding head of femur in the acetabulum

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33
Q

Innervation of the tensor fasciae latae

A

The superior gluteal nerve

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34
Q

Innervation of the gluteus maximus

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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35
Q

Name the 4 heads of the quadratus femoris

A
  • rectus femoris
  • vastus lateralis
  • vastus medialis
  • vastus intermedius
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36
Q

Which nerve innervates the quadriceps femoris

A

The femoral nerve

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37
Q

What is the action of the rectus femoris on the hip joint

A

Flexion –> the kicking muscle

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38
Q

What do the 4 tendons of the quadriceps femoris unite to form

A

The quadriceps tendon proximal to the patella which continues as the patellar ligament distal to the patella to its attachment on the tibia

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39
Q

Where does the patellar ligament attach to the tibia

A

The tibial tuberosity

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40
Q

What is the action of the quadriceps femoris

A

Parts of the muscle group are hip flexors but majority are knee extensors

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41
Q

What is the most superficial muscle of the anterior thigh

A

The sartorius muscle

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42
Q

Wash are the actions of the sartorius on the hip joint

A
  • Flexion
  • abduction
  • lateral rotation
  • flexion of the leg at the knee joint
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43
Q

Which nerve innervates the medial thigh muscles

A

The obturator nerve

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44
Q

Through which bony foramen does the nerve that innervates the medial thigh muscles enter the thigh

A

The obturator foramen

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45
Q

Which structures pass through the adductor hiatus

A

Femoral artery and vein

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46
Q

Which artery is the femoral artery a continuation of

A

The external iliac

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47
Q

Where can you locate the femoral artery

A

Midway between the ASIS and pubic symphysis

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48
Q

Name the large branch of the femoral artery which passes posteriorly towards the hamstrings

A

The profunda femoris

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49
Q

The femoral vein is a continuation of which vein

A

The popliteal vein

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50
Q

Name the muscles supplied by the femoral nerve

A
  • The sartorius
  • The pectineus
  • The iliacus
  • The quadriceps femoris
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51
Q

Which structure forms the base of the femoral triangle

A

The inguinal ligament

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52
Q

Medial boundary of the femoral triangle

A

The adductor longus

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53
Q

Lateral boundary of the femoral triangle

A

The sartorius muscle

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54
Q

Identity the structures that can be located in the femoral triangle

A

Femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein and femoral canal (contains lymph nodes)

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55
Q

What structures are enclosed in the femoral sheath

A

The femoral artery, femoral vein and lymph nodes

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56
Q

Are femoral hernias more common in males of females

A

Females

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57
Q

Name the 2 superficial veins of the lower limb

A

Great saphenous and small saphenous

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58
Q

What structures exit via the greater sciatic foramen

A
  • Piriformis
  • gluteal nerves superior and inferior
  • sciatic foramen
  • pudendal nerve
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59
Q

Root value of the sacral plexus?

60
Q

Proximal origin of the hamstring muscles

A

Ischial tuberosity

61
Q

Most lateral hamstring muscle

A

Biceps femoris

62
Q

Distal attachment of the biceps femoris

A

head of fibula and lateral condyle of fibula

63
Q

What does the silastic nerve split into around the popliteal fossa

A 
Tibial nerve (medial) 
Common fibular nerve (lateral)
64
Q

What is the inguinal ligament a continuation of

A

The external oblique muscle

65
Q

Main flexor of the hip joint

66
Q

Which nerve supplies the medial compartment of the thing

A

L2, L3, L4 - obturator nerve

67
Q

Innervation of the pectineus

A

Obturator and femoral nerve

68
Q

What is the main artery to the femoral head

A

Medial circumflex artery

69
Q

What structures exit via the greater sciatic foramen

A
  • Piriformis
  • gluteal nerves superior and inferior
  • sciatic foramen
  • pudendal nerve
70
Q

Root value of the sacral plexus?

71
Q

Proximal origin of the hamstring muscles

A

Ischial tuberosity

72
Q

Most lateral hamstring muscle

A

Biceps femoris

73
Q

Distal attachment of the biceps femoris

74
Q

What does the silastic nerve split into around the popliteal fossa

A 
Tibial nerve (medial) 
Common fibular nerve (lateral)
75
Q

What is the inguinal ligament a continuation of

A

The external oblique muscle

76
Q

Main flexor of the hip joint

77
Q

Which nerve supplies the medial compartment of the thing

A

L2, L3, L4 - obturator nerve

78
Q

Innervation of the pectineus

A

Obturator and femoral nerve

79
Q

What is the main artery to the femoral head

A

Medial circumflex artery

80
Q

What structures exit via the greater sciatic foramen

A
  • Piriformis
  • gluteal nerves superior and inferior
  • sciatic foramen
  • pudendal nerve
81
Q

Root value of the lumbar plexus?

A

Anterior rami of L1-L4

82
Q

Proximal origin of the hamstring muscles

A

Ischial tuberosity

83
Q

Most lateral hamstring muscle

A

Biceps femoris

84
Q

Distal attachment of the biceps femoris

85
Q

What does the silastic nerve split into around the popliteal fossa

A 
Tibial nerve (medial) 
Common fibular nerve (lateral)
86
Q

What is the inguinal ligament a continuation of

A

The external oblique muscle

87
Q

Main flexor of the hip joint

88
Q

Which nerve supplies the medial compartment of the thing

A

L2, L3, L4 - obturator nerve

89
Q

Innervation of the pectineus

A

Obturator and femoral nerve

90
Q

What is the main artery to the femoral head

A

Medial circumflex artery

91
Q

Root value of the sacral plexus

A

Ventral rami of L4, L5 S1, S2, S3 and S4

92
Q

What are the 2 main branches of the lumbar plexus

A

Obturator and femoral nerve

93
Q

Which compartments of the thigh are innervated by

1) obturator
2) femoral

A

1) medial

2) anterior

94
Q

Root value of the obturator nerve

95
Q

Root value of the femoral nerve

96
Q

Path of the femoral nerve

A

Emerges from lateral border of psoas major and innervates the iliacus and passes deep to the inguinal ligament to the anterior thigh supplying the flexors of knee and extensors of the hip

97
Q

Path of the obturator nerve

A

Emerges from the medial border of the psoas major and passes through the pelvis (obturator foramen) to the medial thigh, supplying adductor muscles

98
Q

Superficial muscles of gluteal region

A

Gluteus maximus, medius and minimis

99
Q

Deep muscles of the gluteal region

A

Piriformis, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemelli, quadratus femoris

100
Q

Muscles attaching to the iliotibial tract

A

Gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae

101
Q

The roots of the sacral plexus are anterior to which posterior muscle

A

Piriformis

102
Q

2 main branches of the sacral plexus

A

The sciatic and pudendal nerves

103
Q

What is the lumbosacral trunk formed by

A

Union of L4 and L5 - passes over the wing of sacrum to participate in the formation of the sacral plexus along with ventral rami of S1-S4

104
Q

Root value of the superior gluteal nerve

105
Q

Root value of the inferior gluteal nerve

106
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve bifurcate

A

The apex of the popliteal fossa

107
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the sciatic nerve

A

Tibial nerve and common fibular

108
Q

Does the sciatic nerve supply any muscles in the gluteal region

109
Q

Which is the most lateral hamstring muscle

A

Biceps femoris

110
Q

What is the common action of all the hamstrings

A
  • flexion of the knee joint

- extension of thigh at hip

111
Q

Which hamstring muscle laterally rotates the hip and knee

A

Biceps femoris

112
Q

Which hamstring muscles medially rotate the hip and knee

A

The semimemranosous and semitendinosus

113
Q

What is the distal attachment of the medial hamstring muscles

A

Semimembranosus to medial epicondyle of tibia and semitendinosus to medial surface of tibia

114
Q

What is the proximal attachment/origin of the semitendinosus

Which other muscle also attaches here

A

Ischial tuberosity of the pelvis

Biceps femoris (long head of)

115
Q

What is the distal attachment of the biceps femoris

A

The lateral

116
Q

Name the origin of the biceps femoris (long and short head)

A

Long head is ischial tuberosity of the pelvis

Short head is posterior femur (linea aspera)

117
Q

Innervation of the biceps femoris

A

Sciatic nerve

  • tibial division supplies long head
  • common fibular supplies short head
118
Q

What actions are possible at the knee joint

A

Flexion and extension

And small active and passive rotation movements can occur

119
Q

What kind of joint is the knee joint

A

Compound synovial hinge

120
Q

Which bones articulate at the knee joint

A
  • femur and tibia

- patella and femur

121
Q

Which is the most important muscle which helps stabilise the knee joint

A

Quadriceps femoris

122
Q

Name the ligament which extends from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the lateral surface of the head of the fibula

A

Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament

123
Q

Name the ligament which extends from the median epicondyle of the femur to the medial surface of the tibia

A

Medial (tibial) collateral ligament

124
Q

Which tendon separates the lateral collateral ligament of the knee from the lateral meniscus

A

The popliteus muscle tendon

125
Q

What is the medial collateral ligament of the knee attached to medially

A

The medial meniscus

126
Q

Role of the anterior cruciate ligament

A

Prevents femur sliding posteriorly and prevents hyperextension of the knee joint

127
Q

Role of the posterior cruciate ligament

A

Prevents femur from sliding anteriorly on the tibia

128
Q

What are the menisci

A

C shaped plates of fibrocartilage on the articular surface of tibia

129
Q

What are the function of the menisci

A

Deepen surface and shock absorption

130
Q

What is the unhappy triad caused by a lateral impact to the knee

A
  • puts load on he medial collateral ligament which is attached to the medial meniscus and both tear
  • this puts load upon the ACL which then tears
131
Q

Muscles which flex the knee

A
  • hamstrings - semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris
  • sartorius
  • gracilis
  • popliteus
132
Q

Muscles which extend the knee

A

Quadriceps femoris - vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis, vastus laeteralis, rectus femoris

133
Q

Lateral rotation of the knee

A

Biceps femoris

Can only occur when knee is flexed; when knee is not flexed medial/lateral rotation occurs at the hip joint

134
Q

Medial rotation of the knee

A

Semimembranosis, semitendinosus, gracilis, sartorius and popliteus

Can only occur when knee is flexed; when knee is not flexed medial/lateral rotation occurs at the hip joint

135
Q

Which muscle tendon does the patella attach to

A

Quadriceps femoris

136
Q

Which type of cartilage are the menisci comprised of

A

Fibrocartilage

137
Q

Describe the attachments of the anterior cruciate

A

Anterior tibia to posterior femur

138
Q

Describe the attachments of the posterior cruciate

A

Attaches to the posterior intercondylar region of the tibia, and ascends anteriorly to attach to the femur in the intercondylar fossa

139
Q

Housemaids knee affects which structure

A

Prepatellar bursitis - caused by the friction between the skin and the patella. The bursa may distend and form a swelling in front of the knee

140
Q

Which bursa communicates with the articular cavity of the knee joint

A

Suprapatellar bursa

141
Q

Suprapatellar bursa communicating with the articular cavity of knee joint significance

142
Q

Root values of the femoral nerve

143
Q

Action of the psoas major on the vertebral collumn

144
Q

Segmental value of obturator nerve

A

L2, L3, L4

145
Q

Iliopsoas distal attachment

A

Lesser trochanter of femur

146
Q

Function of iliofemoral ligament

A

Prevents hyperextension of hip joint

MSK (12 decks)

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