Lower GI

Question 1

What are the 3 modifications the Small intestine can dot to increase the surface area? and what are they made of?

Answer 1

1) plicae circulares (mucosa and submucosa)
2) Villi (mucosa)
3) microvilli (surface epithelium)

Question 2

What part of the small intestine has larger sized plicae?

Answer 2

Larger size in duodenum and jujenum

Question 3

What part of the small intestines has Brunners glands?

Answer 3

Duodenal

Question 4

What part of the small intestines has a Adventitia?

Answer 4

Duodenal

Question 5

What part of the small intestine has a serosa?

Answer 5

most of it besides the duodenal

Question 6

Type of epithelium in the mucosa of the small intestine?

What cells does it have?

Answer 6

Simple columnar epithelium (absorb, striated border)

goblet cells, villi

Question 7

The lamina propria of the small intestine extends into what? and has what?

Answer 7

into villi

has lacteals and intestinal glands

Question 8

What are lacteals?

Answer 8

lymph capillaries

Question 9

What are the 4 types of intestinal glands (AKA crypts of Lieberkühn)? and where do they open up to?

Answer 9

Panath cells
Goblet cells
Endocrine cells- secrete hormones
Stem cells- near base

Question 10

What are Panath cells? and where are they?

Answer 10

base of glands

secrete antibiotics, and support intestinal flora

Question 11

Describe the submucosa of the small intestine?

Answer 11

no glands

Question 12

What is the function of Duodenal glands/ Brunner’s glands?

Answer 12

Secrete bicarbonate mucous to neutralize chyme

Question 13

What does this describe?
No distinct features
narrow microvilli
plicae circularis well defined

Answer 13

Jejunum

Question 14

Where are Peyer’s patches found?

Answer 14

in the ileum

Question 15

What do Peyer’s patches do?
What are Peyer’s patches made of?
Where are they found?

Answer 15

Have M cells that provide antigen transport for immune response
Made of aggregated lymph nodules
Extend from lamina propia to submucosa

Question 16

Describe the mucosa of the large intestine?

Answer 16

Lacks villi
microvilli irregular
intestinal glands straight
more goblet cells

Question 17

Describe the muscularis externis of the large intestine?

Answer 17

complete inner layer
outer layer reduced
-3 teniae coil

Question 18

Where is serosa found

Answer 18

interperitoneal

Question 19

Where is adventia found

Answer 19

retroperitoneal

Question 20

What does the veriform appendix contain? and in what layers?

Answer 20

abundant lymphoid nodules in lamina propria and submucosa

Question 21

What are the two folds of the rectum

Answer 21

transverse rectal fold

longitudinal rectal fold

Question 22

What does the transverse rectal fold do?

What does it consist of?

Answer 22

supports weight of feces

Inner circular layer of muscularis externa

Question 23

What is the longituidinal rectal fold made of?
Is it permanent or temporary?
What does it do?

Answer 23

mucosa and submucosa
temporary
allow distension

Question 24

Is there tenia coli in the rectum?

Answer 24

no

Question 25

In the anal canal simple columnar (rectal) epitelium becomes what?

Answer 25

stratified squamous Epithelium

Question 26

What happens to the stratified squamous epithelium between the anal columns and the pectinate line

Answer 26

transitions to simple cuboidal

Question 27

what happens to the simple cuboidal epithelium between the pectinate line and the intersphincteric line?

Answer 27

it itransitions to Simple squamous non keratinized epithelium

Question 28

Inferiorly to the intershpincteric line what happens to the simple squamous non keratinized epithelium?

Answer 28

it becomes keratinized Simple squamous epithelium

Question 29

Anal valves

Answer 29

compress the anal sinuses

Question 30

Anal sinuses

Answer 30

have anal glands | -mucous gands

Question 31

Intersphincteric line

Answer 31

between internal and external sphincters

Question 32

Anal columns

Answer 32

mark anorenal junction

Question 33

superior to the pectinate line | inferior to the pectinate line

Answer 33

Anal columns | Intershpincteric line

Question 34

Celiac disease symptoms cause

Answer 34

immune response, Villi atrophy Weightloss, diarrhea, anemia, vit. deficiencies Malabsorption

Question 35

Diverticula known as... | involves what layers?

Answer 35

false diverticulum | involves mucosa and submucosa only

Question 36

Meckel's diverticulum known as... involves what layers? caused by

Answer 36

true diverticulum -involves all layers of gut wall persistent yolk stalk

Question 37

Polyps are caused by what? | Lead to an increased risk of?

Answer 37

over proliferation of intestinal gland cells | increased risk of adenocarcinoma

Question 38

Appendicitis is what? Caused by what? That leads to what? What causes the inflammation and ulceration?

Answer 38

inflammation of veriform appendix blockage which leads to a build up of mucous, pressure and then rupture infection of mucosa causes inflammation and ulceration

Question 39

Hirchsprung's disease "congenital megacolon" what is it? What is it cased by? What does it cause?

Answer 39

absence of enteric nerves in portion of bowel due to a failure in migration of neural crest cells feces back up into functional bowel increasing diameter