LOPHOPHORATES

Question 1

Phylum?

Answer 1

Bryozoa

Question 2

Phylum?

Answer 2

Phoronida

Question 3

Phylum?

Answer 3

Brachiopoda

Question 4

Protostome or deuterostome?

Answer 4

Protostome, but with some deuterostome characteristics (Radial indeterminate cleavage, Mouth is secondary opening, Enterocoely)

Question 5

What is the name of the oral feeding structure?

Answer 5

Lophophore

Question 6

Shape of the gut?

Answer 6

U-shaped

Question 7

Where are they found?

Answer 7

Benthic marine except for a few freshwater bryozoans

Question 8

What type of body plan?

Answer 8

Trimeric body plan (prosome, mesosome, metasome with separate, paired coelomic compartment)

Question 9

What do Bryozoans look like?

Answer 9

Colonial. Feathery, encrusting, and reef-building.
In some cases, zooids are polymorphic with different functions.
Outer casings gelatinous, chitinous, or calcified.

Question 10

define cystid (Bryozoans)

Answer 10

Outer casing and living tissue that lines it

Question 11

define polypide (Bryozoans)

Answer 11

Lophophore and soft viscera

Question 12

How do bryozoans feed and digest?

Answer 12

Cilia on lophophore tentacles create water currents.
One band of frontal cilia, two lateral bands.
Food particles bounced back and forth and move towards mouth.

Question 13

How do bryozoans maintain homeostasis?

Answer 13

Circulation of metabolites mostly by diffusion since very small.
Gas exchange across body wall.

Question 14

How do bryozoans reproduce and develop?

Answer 14

Asexual by budding to produce new zooids.
Most simultaneous hermaphrodites with transient gonads
Internal fertilization with brooding of zygotes.
Radial, holoblastic cleavage. Coeloblastula.
Mouth secondary opening.
Usually free-swimming planktonic larva.

Question 15

How do brachiopods attach to the substratum?

Answer 15

pedicle

Question 16

Describe the valves of a brachiopod

Answer 16

Body enclosed in two unequal valves. Larger ventral valve on top.

Question 17

How do brachiopods maintain homeostasis?

Answer 17

Open circulatory system with contractile heart.
Gas exchange probably at tentacles and mantle.
One or two pairs of metanephridia.

Question 18

How do brachiopods reproduce and develop?

Answer 18

No asexual reproduction.
Gonochoristic with transient gonads. Gametes released through nephridiopores. External fertilization.
Holoblastic, radial cleavage. Coeloblastula, gastrulation by
invagination.

Question 19

What do phoronids look like?

Answer 19

Worm-like body without much specialization.
Lophophore and endbulb.
Chitinous tube secreted by epidermis.

Question 20

How do phoronids feed and digest?

Answer 20

Slit-like mouth located between lophophoral ridges.
Cilia on tentacles create currents.
Food trapped in mucus and passed to food groove.
U-shpaed gut means anus near mouth.
Current such that feces and nitrogenous waste are swept away from mouth.

Question 21

How do phoronids reproduce and develop?

Answer 21

Asexual transverse fission and budding.
Gonochoristic and hermaphroditic.
Transient gonads on peritoneum.
External fertilization.

Radial, indeterminate cleavage.
Coeloblastula and gastrulation by invagination.

Question 22

What type of larva in phoronids?

Answer 22

Actinotroch larva.