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INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY > DEVELOPMENT & LIFE HISTORIES > Flashcards

DEVELOPMENT & LIFE HISTORIES Flashcards

1
Q

Is the Animal Pole the top or bottom pole of an egg? What does it become?

A

Top. Becomes other regions of the embryo besides the digestive system

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2
Q

Is the Vegetal Pole the top or bottom pole of an egg? What does it tend to become?

A

Bottom. Tends to become the digestive system

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3
Q

Isolethical

A

Yolk distributed uniformly through egg

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4
Q

Centrolecithal

A

Yolk distributed in center around nucleus

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5
Q

Telolecithal

A

Yolk concentrated at vegetal pole

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6
Q

What is the name for a fertilized egg?

A

Zygote

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7
Q

What are the resulting cells when a zygote splits?

A

Blastomeres

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8
Q

define Holoblastic Cleavage
What egg types does this occur in

A

cleavage planes pass all the way thru the cell

Occurs in isolecithal and weakly telolecithal cells

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9
Q

define Merbolastic cleavage

What egg types does it occur in

A

cleavage planes do not pass through dense yolk so the blastomeres are not separated from each other

Occurs in telolecithal eggs

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10
Q

Define determinate development

A

(in spiral cleavage)
fates of early blastomeres is fixed.
embryo will die if cells are removed

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11
Q

Define indeterminate development

A

(usually radial cells)
cell fate is determined later in development. Can remove a blastomere and cells develop normally

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12
Q

what type of egg forms a Coeloblastula

A

formed from isolecithal eggs that undergo radial cleavage

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13
Q

what type of egg forms a Stereoblastula

A

Egg formed from spiral cleavage

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14
Q

what type of egg forms a Discoblastula

A

Egg formed from meroblastic cleavage

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15
Q

what type of egg forms a Periblastula

A

formed from centrolecithal eggs

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16
Q

What does endoderm form

A

the gut

17
Q

What does ectoderm form

A

skin and nervous system

18
Q

What does mesoderm form

A

muscles, circ system, and internal support system

19
Q

What is gastrulation by invagination?
What type of blastula often does this?

A

cells near the vegetal pole grow inward leading to an archenteron and a blastopore. Inner cells are endoderm and outer cells are ectoderm.

Coeloblastulae often gastrulate by invagination

20
Q

What is gastrulation by ingression?
What type of blastula does this?

A

cells near the vegetal pole grow to fill the blastocoel. leads to a solid gastrula called a stereogastrula

Some coeloblastulae undergo ingression.

21
Q

What is gastrulation by epiboly?
What type of blastula does this?

A

cells from the animal pole grow over the rest of the blastula. The archenteron occurs secondarily

Stereoblastulae that result from holoblastic cleavage

22
Q

What is gastrulation by involution?
What type of blastula does this?

A

Cells around the disc proliferate and grow under the disc. Yolk is still present

Discoblastulae often gastrulate this way

23
Q

What is true mesoderm?

A

Derived from endoderm

24
Q

What is Schizocoely?

A

In organisms with spiral cleavage, the 4d micromere proliferates between the archenteron and the ectoderm to form a solid mass of mesoderm

25
Q

What is Enterocoely?

A

In other organisms entoderm pouches off the archenteron and becomes mesoderm.

26
Q

What is a true coelom?

A

A coelom completely surrounded by mesoderm

27
Q

What is a pseudocoelomate or blastocoelomate?

A

An organism with a coelom that is not surrounded by mesoderm

28
Q

Indirect Development

A

Gamete —> free living larvae —> adult

29
Q

Direct Development

A

No free-living larvae. Larvae are brooded or encapuslated and hatch as juveniles.

Common in freshwater and terrestrial organisms. Habitats stressful for eggs and larvae

30
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of indirect development?

A

Advantages -
-young do not compete with adults for food or habitat.
-not much energy put into eggs or care of young.
-Dispersal for benthic organisms

Disadvantages -
-high levels of mortality (less than 1% typically survive)

31
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of direct development?

A

Advantages -
less mortality.

Disadvantages -
-more energy put into eggs and care of young.
-young compete with adults but can find different microhabitats.

32
Q

Mixed Development

A

Larvae are brooded or encapuslated for some part of their development. Hatch as late-stage free-living larvae.

33
Q

What is a monophyletic group

A

An ancestor and all its descendants

34
Q

What is a non-monophyletic group

A

A group that doesn’t include the common ancestor or all descendants from a common ancestor

35
Q

Define Phyla

A

All animals sharing a particular body plan
Each member is derived from a common ancestor with certain diagnostic features

INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY (15 decks)

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