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Long-URTi Flashcards

1
Q

What is the etiology for uRTI?

A

Involves Cole and Flu viruses

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2
Q

Irises are believed to account for up to _____ of cases of acute respiratory infections

A

3/4 cases

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3
Q

What are the viruses that causes common cold?

A

Graph on D15 pre work page 3

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4
Q

What is most frequent cause of colds?

A

Adenovirus causes rhinorrhea (Runny virus)

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5
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Rhinovirus.

A

The virus infiltrates the host cells via endocytosis; infection stimulates the release of cytokines that give rise to the signs/symptoms of rhinovirus-induced colds.

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6
Q

How is Rhinovirus manifested?

A

Common cold, Sore throat, Cough w/ mucus production.

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7
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Coronavirus.

A

Upon inhalation SARS-CoV-2 binds to respiratory cells via viral structural spike (S) protein and ACE2 receptor.

Acute Respiratory Distress (ARD) is associated with reduced ACE2 receptor expression and accumulation of Angiotensin 2 (pro-inflammation)

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8
Q

What are some of the antivirals used for Coronavirus?

A

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Oral)
Remdesivir (IV)

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9
Q

what is inhibited by Nirmatrelvir?

A

Protease

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10
Q

Ritonavir is a ______ inhibitor.

A

CYP3A4

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11
Q

Why is a booster useful for COVID?

A

Booster blocks liver metabolism of Nirmatrelvir

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12
Q

What prodrug is used for Coronavirus?

A

Remdesivir (Veklury)

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13
Q

What happens to Remdisivir after prodrug activation?

A

changes into Remdesivir triphosphate which disrupts viral RNA replication

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14
Q

What are diseases caused by Adenovirus?

A

Pneumonia, Cytitis

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15
Q

How is Adenovirus spread?

A

Via Respiratory droplets and fecal matter

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16
Q

What are the diseases caused by Parainfluenza Virus?

A

Bronchiolitis, Pneumonia and Croup

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17
Q

How can you describe Croup? What is it cause by?

A

Loud cough that resembles the seal barking (Stridor). It is caused by Parainfluenza

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18
Q

What does Infuenza virus causes? what type of species it effects?

A

Seasonal flu; a pulmonary disease of warm-blooded birds and mammals

Major causes of the Flu in humans is the influenza A virus

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19
Q

What is Influenza virus comprised of?

A

Viral Genome

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20
Q

what is the role of Proteins in Influenza virus?

A

RNA is stabilized by Proteins (Nucleoprotiens)

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21
Q

What one protien and an enzyme embedded on the surface area of Influenza virus?

A

Hemagglutinin (H), Neuraminidase

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22
Q

What are common strains of Influenza Virus?

A

A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2

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23
Q

How is influenza virus transmitted?

A

Aerosolized respiratory secretions

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24
Q

Why do we have to get new vaccines for Influenza every year?

A

Virus Undergoes Spontaneous mutations (antigenic drift)

H proteins contains 5 epitopes that are sued for recognition during anti-body mediated immune response.

Changes in the amino acids sequence within the epitopes of H due to antigenic drift require a new flu vaccine each year.

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25
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Influenza virus (Virus binding)

A

Viruses preferentially bind via hemagglutinin (H) to sialic acid on the surface of human respiratory epithelial cells. Also infects macrophages

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26
Q

In what shape does Influenza virus leaves the infect cell?

A

Virus leaves the cell via budding

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27
Q

What facilitates the exit of Virus budd?

A

Neuraminidase (N)

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28
Q

What prevents bacteria from entering into the lungs?

A

Destruction of mucoepthilial lining prevents the secretion of mucus which is important in preventing bacteria from infiltrating the lungs —-> leads to secondary bacterial pneumonia

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29
Q

How is Influenza virus manifested?

A

Fever, Dry cough, Deaths are often caused by complications such as pneumonia and secondary bacterial infections.

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30
Q

Secondary bacterial pneumonia how does bacteria get access to lower respiratory tract?

A

the mucocilliary escalator has been impaired by the virus

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31
Q

What is the oral agent for Influenza A?

A

Rimantadine

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32
Q

what is the MOA of Rimantadine?

A

Inhibit the ability of the influenza virus to uncontrollable at during endocytosis of host cells

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33
Q

What is the Adverse reaction of Rimantadine?

A

CNS toxicity

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34
Q

What is the Aerosolized product that is an anti-influenza agent with activity against both influenzas A and B?

A

Zanamivir (Relenza)

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35
Q

MOA of Zanamivir?

A

Inhibitor of neuraminidase enzymes used during viral shedding

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36
Q

What is an Adverse reaction of Zanamivir? does it have good oral absorption?

A

Bronchospasms; No

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37
Q

How is Zanamivir administered?

A

Comes in blister pack to use with a disc inhaler device

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38
Q

What is an oral agent used for Influenza A and B?

A

Oseltamivir

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39
Q

What is the brand name of Oseltamivir?

A

Tamiflu

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40
Q

What is Oseltamivir approved for by FDA?

A

Treatment for acute influenza A and B illness who have not been symptomatic for >48hrs;

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41
Q

What’s the MOA of Oseltamivir?

A

Inhibitor of neuraminidase enzymes used during viral shedding.

42
Q

How is RSV spread?

A

Respiratory Secretions

43
Q

Who is more likely to get RSV?

A

incidence highest among infants

44
Q

How is RSV manifested?

A

bronchiolitis, croup

45
Q

What’s the Prophylaxis of RSV?

A

Aerosolized ribavirin delivered by nebulizer;
Palizumab (humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks RSV binding to epithelia cells)

46
Q

MOA for Ribavirin?

A

interferes with viral RNA synthesis

47
Q

Adverse reaction of Ribavirin?

A

Hemolytic anemia

48
Q

Whats the difference between Inhalation form vs oral?

A

Inhalation has longer half life than oral form

49
Q

What is another name that measels is known as?

A

Rubeola

50
Q

What vaccine is used for Measles?

A

MMR vaccine

51
Q

How is measles transmitted?

A

Respiratory secretions

52
Q

How is Measles manifested?

A

Maculopapular rash (Koplik’s Spots)

53
Q

What’s the other name of Rubella?

A

German measles virus

54
Q

How is Rubella transmitted?

A

Respiratory secretions

55
Q

How is rubella manifested?

A

Milder then Rubeola (3 days measles), Maculopapular rash

56
Q

What do Mumps causes?

A

Causes painful swelling of the salivary glands (parotid)

57
Q

How is Mumps transmitted?

A

Respiratory Secretion

58
Q

What vaccine protects against Mumps?

A

MMR

59
Q

What causes Slapped cheeks syndrome?

A

Parovirus, infects erythrocytes

60
Q

How is slapped syndrome transmitted?

A

Respiratory secretions

61
Q

Manifestation of Slapped cheek syndrome

A

Facial erythema

62
Q

What is Otitis Media?

A

Inflammation of the middle ear mucosa

63
Q

What causes Acute Otitis Media?

A

S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis, H. Influenzae

64
Q

Best prevention method for Acute Otitis Media?

A

Vaccination against S. pneumoniae and H. Influenzae

65
Q

Viral uRTIs could cause what?

A

swelling and mucosa blocking the eustachian tube

66
Q

How are children more prone to uRTIs?

A

they have shorter and straighter eustachian tubes —> more prone to ear infections

67
Q

What is Acute Rhinosinusitis?

A

Sinusitis = inflammation of the nasal sinus mucosa

68
Q

What is Primary infection of Acute Rhinisinusitis cause by?

A

Respiratory virus

69
Q

What is secondary infection of Acute Rhinisinusitis cause by?

A

bacteria

70
Q

When is uRTIs considered complicated?

A

In secondary bacterial sinusitis

71
Q

Pathophysiology of Acute Rhinosinusitis?

A

Viral infection of the nasal mucosa spreads to the sinuses.
Mucosal edema leads to sinus blockage. Micro flora proliferates

72
Q

What is Epiglottitis?

A

Inflammation of Epiglottis

73
Q

What causes Epiglottitis cause by?

A

H. Influenzae (Hib)

74
Q

What could happen if Epiglotittis swelling gets worse?

A

Obstruct breathing

75
Q

How is Epiglotittis manifested?

A

Blush skin (cyanosis); X-ray shows “thumbs up” sign

76
Q

What is Acute Pharyngitis?

A

an acute infection (usually viral)

77
Q

What is the most common type of Pharyngitis?

A

Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat) more frequent in children

78
Q

What complications could Phyringitis cause?

A

Scarlet fever, rheumatic fever

79
Q

What are some of the etiologies of Pharyngitis?

A

respiratory viruses cause most cases of acute pharyngitis

80
Q

What virus causes Pharyngitis?

A

Rhinovirus

81
Q

What bacteria causes Pharyngitis?

A

S. progenies (GAS = strep throat)

82
Q

How micro-organisms are transmitted?

A

Airborne respiratory secretions

83
Q

pathophysiology of Pharyngitis

A

Breach in pharynx mucosa (by viral infection) allow micro flora S. pyogenes to infiltrate and damage oropharyngeal epithelia

84
Q

What is Scarlet fever?

A

Complication of strep throat

85
Q

What bacteria causes Scarlet fever?

A

S. Pyogenes (GAS)

86
Q

How is Scarlet fever manifested?

A

Pharyngitis Strawberry tongue, Scarlet-colored rash

87
Q

What causes Diphtheria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

88
Q

Where does Corynebacterium diphtheriae lives?

A

in mouth

89
Q

How are Corynebacterium diphtheriae transmitted?

A

Respiratory secretions

90
Q

How are Corynebacterium diphtheriae manifested?

A

Pharyngitis, Bull neck lymphadenopathy

91
Q

What vaccine is used for Diphtheria?

A

DTaP vaccine

92
Q

What is Pertussis?

A

Whooping cough

93
Q

What causes pertussis?

A

Bordetella pertussis

94
Q

What lead to development of Tdap booster vaccines?

A

Increase rate of pertussis in adults due to waning immunity

95
Q

How is Pertussis transmitted?

A

respiratory secretions

96
Q

How is Pertussis manifested?

A

Bronchitis (pertussis), repetitive dry cough with a whoop sound

97
Q

What vaccine protects against Pertussis?

A

DTaP vaccine (primary) and Tdap (Pertussis booster)

98
Q

What is Conjunctivitis?

A

Inflammation of the conjunctiva

99
Q

What is most common type of Conjunctivitis?

A

Viral Conjunctivitis and is highly contagious

100
Q

Purple t pus conjunctivitis suggests what? Nonpurulent?

A

Purulent: bacterial
Non purulent: viral or allergic

ID (13 decks)

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