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Long- lRTIs Flashcards

1
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

Inflammation of the mucous membrane on the bronchi; most infectious caused by viruses

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2
Q

What is Bronchiolitis?

A

Inflammation of the bronchioles in infants < 2 years old; caused by viruses

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3
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

inflammation of the lungs hat causes alveoli to fill with pus and fluid

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4
Q

What causes most cases of Bronchitis?

A

Viruses

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5
Q

T/F; Bronchitis is a generalized respiratory infection of the large elements of the tracheobronchial tree; doesn’t not extend to alveoli

A

True

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6
Q

What bacterial is most commonly associated with Bronchitis?

A

M. Pneumoniae

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7
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Bronchitis?

A

Hacking productive cough, negative chest X-ray for Pts

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8
Q

What is Chronic Bronchitis, Acute Exacerbation (AECB)?

A

AECB is a chronic w/ productive sputum

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9
Q

What Cause AECB?

A

H. influenzae most commonly associated isolate, Most Acute bacterial AECB are smokers w/ COPD

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10
Q

What is Bronchiolitis?

A

Viral infection of the small elements of the tracheobranchial tree

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11
Q

What causes Bronchiolitis?

A

RSV

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12
Q

What is Bacterial Pneumonia?

A

Bacterial infection of the lungs that causes inflamed alveoli to fill with puss and fluid

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13
Q

What does Bacterial Pneumonia do to body?

A

Infection damages the mucociliary escalator allow pathogens to spread into lower RT

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14
Q

What does Cystic fibrosis impede?

A

Aspirations

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15
Q

Signs and symptoms of Bacterial Pneumonia? What bacteria causes what?

A

Typical (Gram + or -) and atypical (do not Gram stain) pneumonias
Lobar pneumonia (S. pneumoniae)
Lung abscess (Klebsiella, S. aureus)

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16
Q

What does typical pneumonia grow on?

A

grow on blood/chocolate agar and gram stain

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17
Q

What patient group is Pneumococcal Pneumonia is most common?

A

Highest among elderly and persons with underlying illness

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18
Q

describe the pathogenesis of Typical pneumonias

A

S. pneumoniae colonizes upper RT. Bacteria is transported by airflow to alveoli

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19
Q

What is Klebsiella pneumonias often associated with?

A

with alcoholism, High incidence of abscesses and thick, bloody sputum

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20
Q

What bacteria is commonly associated with post-influenza pneumonia? What does it cause if left untreated?

A

S. aureus, Causes lung necrosis and Abscess

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21
Q

What SPACE organisms cause nosocomial pneumonia?

A

P. Aeroginosa and A. baumannii

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22
Q

P. aeroginosa commonly associated with ________ in _________ patients?

A

Chronic lung infection; Cystic fibrosis a patients

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23
Q

How are SPACE bugs manifested?

A

Increase sputum production with yellow-green pigment and is thick, foul smelling for P. aeruginosa

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24
Q

What vaccine have protected us from the wrath of Hemophilus influenzae?

A

Hib vaccine has made it an infrequent cause of CAP

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25
Q

What 2 PIDDLY are associated with Influenza?

A

Hemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis

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26
Q

What are Atypicals sneaky bois?

A

do not gram stain

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27
Q

What is the Atypical Pneumonias antibiotic coverage?

A

coverage is limited to fluoroquinolone, macrolides and tetracyclines

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28
Q

What is walking pneumoniae RTI in. children caused by?

A

M. Pneumoniae

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29
Q

How is walking pneumonia infection spread?

A

can be transmitted without any signs of illness

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30
Q

Chlamydophila (Clamadia) pneumonia causes what?

A

Pneumonia

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31
Q

What is Legionnaires disease?

A

L. Pneumophila is waterborne pathogen transmitted in aerosolized form via fountains, air-conditioners.

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32
Q

Legionnaires disease is spread person-person. T/F?

A

False

33
Q

What is Community acquired Pneumoniae (CAP)?

A

Pneumonia developing in patients that have not had contact with a medical facility.

34
Q

What are some common CAP associated pathogens? What about infants? Adult?

A

most common and common in adults = S. Pneumoniae
Infants: Virus

35
Q

What are Hospital acquired Pneumoniae (HAP)?

A

Pneumonia occurring ≥48 h after admission and person is not carrying infection at the time of admission.

36
Q

What is Early Onset HAP?

A

≥ 48hr after admission

37
Q

What is Late onset HAP?

A

≥ 120 hr post admission

38
Q

What is Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)?

A

A type of HAP that develops ≥ 48hr after endotracheal intubation (Mechanical ventilation)

39
Q

What is Healthcare associated pneumonia (HCAP)

A

type of HAP that occurs in a non-hospitalized patients with extensive healthcare contact

40
Q

What causes TB?

A

M. Tuberculosis complex, M. Bovis

41
Q

What causes Leprosy?

A

M. Leprae

42
Q

what type of mycobacteria doesn’t cause tuberculosis?

A

M. Kansasii and M. avium complex

43
Q

What test can be done to identify Mycobacterium atypical spp?

A

acid-fast

44
Q

What does Mycobacterial cell wall contains?

A

Cell walls contain waxes and fatty acids, especially mycolic acids

45
Q

What are mycolic acids responsible for in Mycobacteria?

A

resistant to common antibiotics

46
Q

Describe pathophysiology of Tuberculous Mycobacteria

A

Humans are the only reservoir for the M. Tuberculosis.
Mycobacteria infects macrophages.

47
Q

how is Tuberculous Mycobacteria transmitted?

A

transmitted when a person inhales aerosols containing the bacilli from an active TB patient

48
Q

infected macrophages encapsulates into what?

A

Granuloma and calcified lung lesions

49
Q

granulomas are the body’s way to do what?

A

contain the infection

50
Q

How do granulomas kill TB?

A

O2 starvation. but some TB become dormant that allows them to survive the granuloma

51
Q

What is Latent tuberculosis?

A

asymptomatic and non transmissible disease state.

52
Q

When does patients have latent tuberculosis?

A

once all the mycobacterial have been eradicated or contained in granulomas.

53
Q

When can TB infection comeback?

A

active TB could comeback if the latent infected pateint’s immune system is weakened. weakening of immunosuppression allow granuloma to dissolve and revived the dormant mycobacteria

54
Q

how is pulmonary TB spread?

A

inhalation of airborne particles that contain M. tuberculosis

55
Q

How do Pulmonary TB spread in the Body?

A

if the pulmonary immune cells are unable to contain the bacteria, the M. Tuberculosis will consume to multiply over several weeks and can enter blood stream to infection other organs/tissue

56
Q

What are sign and symptoms of Pulmonary TB?

A

hemoptysis (Cough up blood), weight loss

57
Q

What is extrapulmonary TB?

A

M. tuberculosis may enter bloodstream. Dissmenitated TB mostly in immunocompromised patients.

58
Q

What is Miliary tuberculosis?

A

it results when a massive TB inoculum enter the bloodstream and uncontrolled hematogenous spread results.

59
Q

What can military TB cause

A

Septic shock

60
Q

What does M. Leprae cause?

A

Leprosy (also call end Hanson’s disease)

61
Q

Where does M. Leprae grows? What does it do to the body?

A

Grows the best in cool area of the body leading to disfigurement of the facial area and limbs

62
Q

Tx for M. Leprae

A

Dapson

63
Q

How does Dapson work?

A

it is an inhibitor of folic acid synthesis

64
Q

What is M.avium complex?

A

MAC is comprised of M. Avium, M. Intracellular

65
Q

How is M. Avium infection acquired?

A

Ingestion (no human-human transmission)

66
Q

What patients are commonly effected by dissemination of M. Avium?

A

HIV patients and terminal stages of AIDs patients

67
Q

What ios the first line therapies for tuberculosis?

A

Combination oral therapies are used to kill active and latent TB cells
- Isoniazid (INH)
- Rifampin (RIF)
- Pyrazinamide (PZA)

68
Q

MOA of Isoniazid?

A

Prodrug that is activated by catalase peroxidase which converts INH into radical acylating agents that consequently inhibits mycolic acid synthesis

69
Q

What are some of the Adverse reactions of Isoniazid?

A

Hepatotoxicity, neuropathy

70
Q

What medication should you add for for patients with neuropathy side effects of Isoniazid?

A

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)

71
Q

MOA of Rifampin?

A

Inhibitor of mycobacteria RNA polymerase

72
Q

What is the adverse reaction of Rifampin?

A

Hepatotoxicity, Orange-discoloration of urine/tears/sweat

73
Q

Rifampin induces (decrease half-life) what?

A

CYP450 which could reduce the effectiveness of other medications

74
Q

MOA of Pyrazinamide

A

Inhibit mycolic acid synthesis

75
Q

Adverse reactions of Pyrazinamide?

A

non-gouty poly arthralgias

76
Q

What is the second line Tx for tuberculosis?

A

MDR-TB: TB that is resistant to Isoniazid and Rifampin
Ethionamide

77
Q

Moa of Ethinamide?

A

Inhibits Mycolic acid synthesis

78
Q

Averse reaction of Ethionamide?

A

Causes major GI toxicity.

ID (13 decks)

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