Long Test 2: Nervous System, Neurons, And Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
Three major systems in our body
A
Sensory system
Motor system
Nervous system
2
Q
This system leads to awareness, acquisition of knowledge and information. We have 5 senses.
A
Sensory system
3
Q
The system that is responsible for our bones, muscles, and glands
A
Motor system
4
Q
2 types of glands and differentiate
A
Endocrine (glands inside body) and Exocrine (chemicals are released outside body: tear, salivary, mammary
5
Q
Connects sensory system to motor system
A
Nervous system
6
Q
Responsible for muscle movement, perception, automatic functions such as breathing & secretion of hormones & thoughts & feelings
A
Nervous system
7
Q
Basic functional unit of the nervous system or the brain
A
Neurons
8
Q
What makes neurons special?
A
- It transmits messages
- Fixed and definite no. of neurons upon conception: 100B
- Never regenerate
9
Q
Bundles of Neurons found in PNS
A
Nerves (Somatic & Autonomic)
10
Q
Bundles of Neurons found in CNS
A
Brains & Spinal Cord
11
Q
Neurons with myelin sheath?
A
Myelinated sheath; Bundle: White Matter
12
Q
Neurons without myelin sheath?
A
Unmyelinated Neurons; Bundle: Gray Matter
13
Q
3 kinds of Neurons
A
Afferent Neurons (sensory neurons) Efferent Neurons (motor neurons) Interneuron (connecting/association neurons)
14
Q
Transmits messages from sensory receptors to Spinal Cord & Brain
A
Afferent Neurons
15
Q
Transmits messages from Spinal Cord & Brain to muscles & glands
A
Efferent Neurons
16
Q
Neurons only in CNS
A
Interneuron
17
Q
It connect neuron to another neuron
A
Interneuron
18
Q
How is the process done in receiving messages?
A
Message - cell body - nucleus - axon - axon terminal - dendrites - dendrites of another neuron - cell body
19
Q
Part of neuron:
Transmits info to other neurons; releases neurotransmitters
A
Axon
20
Q
Part of neuron:
Determines the function of the neuron
A
Nucleus
21
Q
Part of neuron:
Fatty cover
A
Myelin sheath
22
Q
3 reasons why Myelin Sheath is important
A
- source of nourishment
- support neurons
- protects axon
23
Q
Part of neuron:
Receive impulses from other neurons
A
Dendrites
24
Q
It is a gap/junction between two neurons (axon terminal and dendrites of another)
Connects 2 neurons
A
Synapse
25
Is synapse part of Neuron?
No
26
It is where chemical reactions take place to connect axon of one neuron to dendrites of another
Synapse
27
It support the neurons
Glial Cells
28
Two types of Nervous Sytem
Central Nervous System
| Peripheral Nervous System
29
Parts of CNS
Tracts of Neurons: Brain and Spinal Cord
30
It transmits messages from receptors to brain and from brain to muscles and glands
Spinal Cord
31
Parts of PNS
Nerves: Somatic Neurons and Autonomic Neurons
32
Aka Chemical Messengers because they cause chemical changes from one neuron to another and travel thru synapse
Neurotransmitters
33
6 Neurotransmitters
```
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Endorphins
```
34
Controls muscle contractions, heart beat, and stimulate excretion of hormones
First neurotransmitter to be identified
Prevalent in Hippocampus
Acetylcholine
35
To perceive pleasure
Dopamine
36
Opposite of Adrenaline
Mood disorders
Increase blood pressure
Norepinephrine
37
Emotional arousal and sleep
Serotonin
38
Calms anxiety
GABA
39
Contraction of endogenous morphine
| Locks in pain-causing chemicals
Endorphins
40
Three parts of the brain
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
41
3 parts of Hindbrain
Pons Varoli
Medulla Oblongata
Cerebellum
42
Part of Hindbrain:
| Related to awareness and consciousness to environment and how you feel about your body
Pons Varoli
43
```
Part of Hindbrain:
Assoc w/ involuntary movements
Makes you alive: vital process
Thus, control breathing
May be activated from hypothalamus
```
Medulla Oblongata
44
Part of Hindbrain:
| Voluntary movements
Cerebellum
45
Part of the Midbrain
Reticular Formation
46
It is responsible for the degree of our awareness, attention, and consciousness
Controls your boredom
Reticular Formation
47
4 parts of Forebrain
Thalamus
Cerebrum
Limbic System
Hypothalamus
48
Part of Forebrain:
| Involved in the relay of sensory information
Thalamus
49
Part of Forebrain:
| Deals with thought processes and movement
Cerebrum
50
2 Hemispheres in Cerebrum and differentiate
Left H - controls right part of body; academic & logical
| Right H - controls left part of body; creative side
51
Part of Forebrain:
| Connects the 2 hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
52
When Corpus Callosum is damaged, what may occur
No connection of the hemispheres = disorder (dyslexia, etc) & no coordination of two hemispheres (unable to move)
53
Part of Forebrain:
| Receives messages from thalamus
Lobes
54
4 lobes and functions
Parietal - TTS (taste, touch, and smell)
Occipital - eyesight
Frontal - listening, thinking, talking, voluntary movements
Temporal - hearing
55
Part of Forebrain:
| Receives messages from lobes and is where memories are stored
Limbic System
56
2 parts of Limbic System
Amygdala and Hippocampus
57
Part of Limbic System:
Where emotions are stored
Angry before, still angry now
Amygdala
58
Part of Limbic System:
Where senses are stored
Remember taste of food, it is stored here
Hippocampus
59
Part of Forebrain:
Functions of internal organs
Angry before, no feelings now
You remember the feeling but can still control your emotions as of the moment
Hypothalamus
60
Aka Center for Emotions
Also for voluntary actions
Hypothalamus
61
Diff: Hypothalamus and Medulla Oblongata
Hypothalamus - gives meaning to life because you can control emotions
Medulla - makes you alive because it is responsible for vital processes
62
Diff: Hypothalamus and Amygdala
Hypothalamus - just remember the feeling
Amygdala - still feel the feelings
63
Part of PNS:
Regulated by Cerebellum
Skeletal Muscles
Striated
Somatic System
64
Part of PNS:
Regulated by Medulla Oblongata
Smooth muscles
Muscles in organs (lungs, heart, kidney, liver)
Autonomic System
65
2 divisions of Autonomic System
Sympathetic Division
| Parasympathetic Division
66
Differentiate Sympathetic Division and
| Parasympathetic Division
Sympathetic Division
- aka energy utilization
- during: dangerous situations/ alert situations
- fight/flight reaction
Parasympathetic Division
- aka energy conservation/storage
- during: rest and relaxation
- normal function in of internal organs
67
Explain: sympathetic and parasympathetic division 's relationship
They work together even with opposite functions for balance
68
It regulates the endocrine system
Autonomic System
69
It is a collection of glands that produce hormones with different functions
Endocrine system
70
What is the root words of endocrine
Endo - within
| Crinis - to secrete
71
What are the two types of glands
1. Glands with ducts - w/ pipe
| 2. Glands without ducts
72
Pituitary Gland
- Location
- Hormones released
Location: base of brain
Releases: human growth hormone, prolactin, oxytocin
73
It is called as master gland because it regulates the function of other glands
Pituitary gland
74
When HGH is released, it also activates what because it controls growth of muscle and bone
Thyroid
75
It regulates the maternal behavior
Prolactin
76
When oxytocin is released, it also activates what?
Ovaries
77
Is responsible for uterine contraction, and it is only released by female during menstruation
Oxytocin
78
Thyroid Gland
- Location
- Hormones released
Location: below larynx
Releases: Thyroxine
79
This is the gland that helps in metabolism
Thyroid gland
80
This hormone is released by the thyroid gland and it helps in metabolism
Thyroxine
81
What is metabolism
Helps in digestion process and convert it to energy
82
Parathyroid Gland
- Location
- Hormones released
Located: w/in thyroid gland
Releases: parathyroid hormone
83
This gland regulates calcium
Parathyroid gland
84
This hormone regulates calcium and increases phosphate levels to normal
Parathyroid hormone
85
Adrenal Gland
- Location
- Hormones released
Location: top of kidneys
Releases: epinephrine, norepinephrine, and aldosterone
86
This hormone is released when stressed
| Aka adrenaline
Epinephrine
87
Epinephrine is activated where?
Sympathetic division, Autonomic, PNS
88
Hormone is released when relaxed
Norepinephrine
89
Norepinephrine is activated where
Parasympathetic division, Autonomic, PNS
90
This hormone regulates water and electrolyte levels in the blood
Aldosterone
91
Islets of Langerhans
- Location
- Hormones released
Located: w/in pancreas
Releases: Insulin and Glucagon
92
This hormone decreases blood glucose levels
Insulin
93
This hormone increases blood glucose levels
Glucagon
94
Pineal Gland
- Location
- Hormones released
Located: thalamus
Releases: melatonin
95
It regulates sleep-wake cycle
Pineal gland
96
This hormone is stimulated by daylight so it helps us to combat jetlagged and insomnia
Melatonin
97
Also known as the sex glands
Gonads
98
Gonads is divided into two
Female Ovaries
| Male Testes
99
Female ovaries releases two kinds of hormones, what are these and their functions?
Progesterone - releases egg cells during puberty; responsible for primary sexual characteristics
Estrogen - develops and maintains the secondary sexual characteristics such as hair follicles, breast/mammary glands
100
It is definite when conceived around 50 to 200
Egg cells
101
Testes releases what hormones
Testosterone
102
This Hormone releases sperm cells during puberty and may produce 200,000,000 to 200,000,000,000 sperms in a day
Testosterone
103
If you have too much sperm cells it will be automatically released through what
Wet dreams
104
What are the possible reasons why wet dreams may not occur
No sperm cells
ejaculation
Sexually active
105
This is the first menstruation
Menarche
106
This is the first release of sperm
Spermache
