Long-Term Memory structure Flashcards
Serial position curve
In a memory experiment in which participants are asked to recall a list of words, a plot of the percentage of participants remembering each word against the position of that word in the list. See also Primacy effect; Recency effect.
(Murdoch, 1962)
Long-term memory (LTM)
A memory mechanism that can hold large amounts of information for long periods of time. Long-term memory is one of the stages in the modal model of memory.
Primacy effect
In a memory experiment in which a list of words is presented, enhanced memory for words presented at the beginning of the list.
Dewey Rundus (1971) proved rehearsal was factor for primacy effect
Coding
The form in which stimuli are represented in the mind. For example, information can be represented in visual, semantic, and phonological forms.
Auditory more for STM
Semantic more for LTM
Audio more likely to be semantically coded
Proactive interference
When information learned previously interferes with learning new information. See also Retroactive interference.
Demonstrated by Wickens et al. (1976)
Recency effect
In a memory experiment in which a list of words is presented, enhanced memory for words presented at the end of the list.
Murray Glanzer and Anita Cunitz (1966) demonstrated that this is lost if distracted in memory experiment.
Recognition memory
Identifying a stimulus that was encountered earlier. Stimuli are presented during a study period; later, the same stimuli plus other, new stimuli are presented. The participants’ task is to pick the stimuli that were originally presented.
Demonstrated by Jacqueline Sachs (1967).
Release from proactive interference
A situation in which conditions occur that eliminate or reduce the decrease in performance caused by proactive interference.
Hippocampus
A subcortical structure that is important for forming long-term memories, and that also plays a role in remote episodic memories and in short-term storage of novel information.
In 1953, Henry Molaison had his removed and could no longer form new LTM. Still had STM.
KF had the opposite issue from damage to his parietal lobe in a motorbike accident.
Charan Ranganath and Mark D’Esposito (2001) demonstrated that the hippocampus is involved in maintaining novel information in memory during short delays.
Personal semantic memories
Semantic components of autobiographical memories.
Westmacott and Moscovitch found that episodic components assisted in accessing semantic memories.
Semanticization of remote memories
Loss of episodic details for memories of long-ago events.
Mental time travel
According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory, in which a person travels back in time in his or her mind to reexperience events that happened in the past.
Remember/know procedure
A procedure in which subjects are presented with a stimulus they have encountered before and are asked to indicate remember, if they remember the circumstances under which they initially encountered it, or know, if the stimulus seems familiar but they don’t remember experiencing it earlier.
Raluca Petrican and coworkers (2010) conducted experiment with this to demonstrate semanticization of remote memories
Autobiographical memory
Memory for specific events from a person’s life, which can include both episodic and semantic components.
Constructive episodic simulation hypothesis
The hypothesis proposed by Schacter and Addis that episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of future events.
McDermott and coworkers (2016) found that people were more likely to remember or imagine events in third-person view.
Expert-induced amnesia
Amnesia that occurs because well-learned procedural memories do not require attention.
Skill memory
Memory for doing things that usually involve learned skills. See Procedural memory.
Explicit memories
Memory that involves conscious recollections of events or facts that we have learned in the past.
Priming
A change in response to a stimulus caused by the previous presentation of the same or a similar stimulus. See also Repetition priming.
Peter Graf and coworkers (1985) tested effects of priming on patients with amnesia to prove it is an implicit process.
Procedural memory
Memory for how to carry out highly practiced skills. Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory because although people can carry out a skilled behavior, they often cannot explain exactly how they are able to do so.
Amnestic patients and HM could still retain learned skills and learn new ones. LSJ also improved at playing the violin but had no memory of practising. LSJ retained semantic memory that linked to her procedural memory.
Implicit memories
Memory that occurs when an experience affects a person’s behavior, even though the person is not aware that he or she has had the experience.
Procedural, priming, conditioning
Repetition priming
When an initial presentation of a stimulus affects the person’s response to the same stimulus when it is presented later.
Propaganda effect
People are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true, just because of prior exposure to the statements. (priming)
T. J. Perfect and C. Askew (1994) demonstrated.
A Double Dissociation for Semantic and Episodic Memory
KC ok semantic, poor episodic
LP poor semantic, ok episodic
Brain imaging to investigate episodic and semantic memories
Brian Levine and coworkers (2004) found that although there can be overlap between activation caused by episodic and semantic memories, there are also major differences.
Memory loss in The Bourne Identity (2002)
Bourne’s situation is related to a rare condition called psychogenic fugue.
Symptoms of this condition include traveling away from where the person lives and a lack of memory for the past, especially personal information such as name, relationships, place of residence, and occupation. In the few cases that have been reported, a person vanishes from his or her normal life situation, often travels far away, and takes on a new identity unrelated to the previous one.
Although Bourne has lost his episodic memories of his past, his semantic memory appears to be intact, and, most interesting of all, he has lost none of his procedural memories from his training as a CIA agent.
Semantic coding
Semantic coding has been demonstrated in STM by Wickens, by demonstrating release from proactive interference.
Semantic coding has been demonstrated in LTM by Sachs, using a recognition memory procedure.
The accuracy of recalling items in a list decreases as the length of the list increases due to?
Distraction
What criterion did Tulving use to define the difference between semantic memories and episodic memoires?
Experience
