Encoding, retrieval and consolidation Flashcards
Encoding
The process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory.
Maintenance rehearsal
Rehearsal that involves repetition without any consideration of meaning or making connections to other information. Compare to Elaborative rehearsal.
Retrieval
The process of remembering information that has been stored in long-term memory.
Levels of processing theory
Proposed by Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart (1972).
The idea that memory depends on how information is encoded, with better memory being achieved when processing is deep than when processing is shallow. Deep processing involves attention to meaning and is associated with elaborative rehearsal. Shallow processing involves repetition with little attention to meaning and is associated with maintenance rehearsal.
Elaborative rehearsal
Rehearsal that involves thinking about the meaning of an item to be remembered or making connections between that item and prior knowledge. Compare to Maintenance rehearsal.
Shallow processing
Processing that involves repetition with little attention to meaning. Shallow processing is usually associated with maintenance rehearsal. See also Deep processing; Depth of processing.
Deep processing
Processing that involves attention to meaning and relating an item to something else. Deep processing is usually associated with elaborative rehearsal. See also Depth of processing; Shallow processing.
Depth of processing
The idea that the processing that occurs as an item is being encoded into memory can be deep or shallow. Deep processing involves attention to meaning and is associated with elaborative rehearsal. Shallow processing involves repetition with little attention to meaning and is associated with maintenance rehearsal. See also Levels of processing theory.
Paired-associate learning
A learning task in which participants are first presented with pairs of words, then one word of each pair is presented and the task is to recall the other word.
Demonstrated by Gordon Bower and David Winzenz (1970) with images.
Self-reference effect
Memory for a word is improved by relating the word to the self.
Demonstrated by Eric Leshikar and coworkers (2015).
Generation effect
Memory for material is better when a person generates the material him- or herself, rather than passively receiving it.
Norman Slameka and Peter Graf (1978) demonstrated this effect.
Spacing effect
The advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying.
Testing effect
Enhanced performance on a memory test caused by being tested on the material to be remembered.
Free recall
A procedure for testing memory in which the participant is asked to remember stimuli that were previously presented. See also Cued recall.
Encoding specificity
The principle that we learn information together with its context. This means that presence of the context can lead to enhanced memory for the information.
Demonstrated by D. R. Godden and Alan Baddeley’s (1975) (diving) and Harry Grant and coworkers (1998) (noise)
Cued recall
A procedure for testing memory in which a participant is presented with cues, such as words or phrases, to aid recall of previously experienced stimuli. See also Free recall.
State-dependent learning
The principle that memory is best when a person is in the same state for encoding and retrieval. This principle is related to encoding specificity.
Demonstrated by Eric Eich and Janet Metcalfe (1989).
Consolidation
The process that transforms new memories into a state in which they are more resistant to disruption. See also Standard model of consolidation.
Proposed by Georg Müller and Alfons Pilzecker (1900).
Transfer-appropriate processing
When the type of task that occurs during encoding matches the type of task that occurs during retrieval. This type of processing can result in enhanced memory.
Demonstrated by Donald Morris and coworkers (1977).
Systems consolidation
A consolidation process that involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a long timescale, lasting weeks, months, or even years. See also Consolidation; Synaptic consolidation.
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
The increased firing that occurs in a neuron due to prior activity at the synapse.
Proposed by Donald Hebb (1948).
Synaptic consolidation
A process of consolidation that involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over a period of minutes. See also Consolidation; Systems consolidation.
Standard model of consolidation
Proposes that memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on the hippocampus.
Multiple trace model of consolidation
The idea that the hippocampus is involved in the retrieval of remote memories, especially episodic memories. This contrasts with the standard model of memory, which proposes that the hippocampus is involved only in the retrieval of recent memories.
Reactivation
A process that occurs during memory consolidation, in which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory. During reactivation, activity occurs in the network connecting the hippocampus and the cortex. This activity results in the formation of connections between the cortical areas.
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memory for something that happened prior to an injury or traumatic event such as a concussion.
Graded amnesia
When amnesia is most severe for events that occurred just prior to an injury and becomes less severe for earlier, more remote events.
Multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA)
A procedure for determining the pattern of voxel activation that is elicited by specific stimuli, within various structures.
Classifier
In multivoxel pattern analysis, the classifier is a computer program designed to recognize patterns of voxel activity.
Reconsolidation
A process proposed by Nader and others that occurs when a memory is retrieved and so becomes reactivated. Once this occurs, the memory must be consolidated again, as it was during the initial learning. This repeat consolidation is reconsolidation.
Demonstrated with rats by Karim Nader and coworkers (2000a, 2000b)
And with humans Almut Hupbach and coworkers (2007)
Research based on transfer-appropriate processing provides the LEAST support for ___.
levels of processing theory
Without ________, reconsolidation of a memory would not be possible.
Fragility
Simply highlighting material without reviewing it is ineffective because?
It is only physical
Two types of amnesia
Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall past memories while anterograde amnesia is the inability to create new memories.
