Attention Flashcards
Divided attention
The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously.
Attention
Focusing on specific features, objects, or locations or on certain thoughts or activities.
Selective attention
The ability to focus on one message and ignore all others.
Distraction
Occurs when one stimulus interferes with attention to or the processing of another stimulus.
Attentional capture
A rapid shifting of attention, usually caused by a stimulus such as a loud noise, bright light, or sudden movement.
Filter model of attention
Model of attention that proposes a filter that lets attended stimuli through and blocks some or all of the unattended stimuli.
Visual scanning
Movement of the eyes from one location or object to another.
Cocktail party effect
The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli, especially at a party where there are a lot of simultaneous conversations.
Dichotic listening
The procedure of presenting one message to the left ear and a different message to the right ear.
Shadowing
The procedure of repeating a message out loud as it is heard. Shadowing is commonly used in conjunction with studies of selective attention that use the dichotic listening procedure.
Filter
In Broadbent’s model of attention, the filter identifies the message that is being attended to based on its physical characteristics—things like the speaker’s tone of voice, pitch, speed of talking, and accent—and lets only this attended message pass through to the detector in the next stage.
Detector
In Broadbent’s model of attention, the detector processes the information from the attended message to determine higher-level characteristics of the message, such as its meaning.
Attenuation model of attention
Anne Treisman’s model of selective attention that proposes that selection occurs in two stages. In the first stage, an attenuator analyzes the incoming message and lets through the attended message—and also the unattended message, but at a lower (attenuated) strength.
Attenuator
In Treisman’s model of selective attention, the attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning. Attended messages pass through the attenuator at full strength, and unattended messages pass through with reduced strength.
Early selection model
Model of attention that explains selective attention by early filtering out of the unattended message. In Broadbent’s early selection model, the filtering step occurs before the message is analyzed to determine its meaning.
Dictionary unit
A component of Treisman’s attenuation model of attention. This processing unit contains stored words and thresholds for activating the words. The dictionary unit helps explain why we can sometimes hear a familiar word, such as our name, in an unattended message. See also Attenuation model of attention.
Late selection models of attention
A model of selective attention that proposes that selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after the information in the message has been analyzed for meaning.
Donald MacKay (1973) conducted an experiment that demonstrated unattended messages are still processed.
High-load tasks
A task that uses most or all of a person’s resources and so leaves little capacity to handle other tasks.
Low-load tasks
A task that uses few resources, leaving some capacity to handle other tasks.
Processing capacity
The amount of information input that a person can handle. This sets a limit on the person’s ability to process information.
Perceptual load
Related to the difficulty of a task. Low-load tasks use only a small amount of a person’s processing capacity. High-load tasks use more of the processing capacity.
Load theory of attention
Proposal that the ability to ignore task-irrelevant stimuli depends on the load of the task the person is carrying out. High-load tasks result in less distraction.
Stroop effect
An effect originally studied by J. R. Stroop, using a task in which a person is instructed to respond to one aspect of a stimulus, such as the color of ink that a word is printed in, and ignore another aspect, such as the color that the word names. The Stroop effect refers to the fact that people find this task difficult when, for example, the word RED is printed in blue ink.
Fixation
In problem solving, people’s tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of the problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution. In perception and attention, a pausing of the eyes on places of interest while observing a scene.
Saliency map
Map of a scene that indicates the stimulus salience of areas and objects in the scene.
Saccadic eye movement
Eye movements from one fixation point to another.
Stimulus salience
Bottom-up factors that determine attention to elements of a scene. Examples are color, contrast, and orientation. The meaningfulness of the images, which is a top-down factor, does not contribute to stimulus salience.
Overt attention
Shifting of attention by moving the eyes. Contrasts with Covert attention.
Covert attention
Occurs when attention is shifted without moving the eyes, commonly referred to as seeing something “out of the corner of one’s eye.” Contrasts with Overt attention.
Precueing
A procedure in which participants are given a cue that will usually help them carry out a subsequent task. This procedure has been used in visual attention experiments in which participants are presented with a cue that tells them where to direct their attention.
Michael Posner and coworkers (1978)
Same-object advantage
Occurs when the enhancing effect of attention spreads throughout an object, so that attention to one place on an object results in a facilitation of processing at other places on the object.
Demonstrated by Egly and coworkers’ (1994)
Mind wandering
Thoughts that come from within a person, often unintentionally. In early research this was called daydreaming.
Matthew Killingsworth and Daniel Gilbert (2010) used the experience sampling technique to contact people at random intervals during the day and ask them “What are you doing right now?” Mind wandering occurred 47 percent of the time.
Experience sampling
A procedure that was developed to answer the question, “what percentage of the time during the day are people engaged in a specific behavior?” One way this has been achieved is by having people report what they are doing when they receive signals at random times during the day.
Attentional warping
Occurs when the map of categories on the brain changes to make more space for categories that are being searched for as a person attends to a scene.
Demonstrated by Tolga Cukur and coworkers (2013).
Automatic processing
Processing that occurs automatically, without the person’s intending to do it, and that also uses few cognitive resources. Automatic processing is associated with easy or well-practiced tasks.
Demonstrated by Schneider and Shiffrin’s (1977)
Inattentional blindness
Not noticing something even though it is in clear view, usually caused by failure to pay attention to the object or the place where the object is located.
Demonstrated by Cartwright-Finch and Nilli Lavie (2007) and Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris (1999)
Inattentional deafness
Occurs when inattention causes a person to miss an auditory stimulus. For example, experiments have shown that it is more difficult to detect a tone when engaged in a difficult visual search task.
Demonstrated by Raveh and Lillie Lavie (2015)
Change detection
Detecting differences between pictures or displays that are presented one after another.
Visual search
Occurs when a person is looking for one stimulus or object among a number of other stimuli or objects.
Continuity errors
In film, changes that occur from one scene to another that do not match, such as when a character reaches for a croissant in one shot, which turns into a pancake in the next shot.
Change blindness
Difficulty in detecting changes in similar, but slightly different, scenes that are presented one after another. The changes are often easy to see once attention is directed to them but are usually undetected in the absence of appropriate attention.
Demonstrated by Ronald Rensink and coworkers (1997)
Binding
Process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create perception of a coherent object.
Feature integration theory
An approach to object perception, developed by Anne Treisman, that proposes a sequence of stages in which features are first analyzed and then combined to result in perception of an object.
Binding problem
The problem of explaining how an object’s individual features become bound together.
Preattentive stage
The first stage of Treisman’s feature integration theory, in which an object is analyzed into its features.
Illusory conjunctions
A situation, demonstrated in experiments by Anne Treisman, in which features from different objects are inappropriately combined.
Focused attention stage
The second stage of Treisman’s feature integration theory. According to the theory, attention causes the combination of features into perception of an object.
Balint’s syndrome
A condition caused by brain damage (parietal lobe) in which a person has difficulty focusing attention on individual objects.
Feature search
Searching among distractors for a target item that involves detecting one feature, such as “horizontal.”
Conjunction search
Searching among distractors for a target that involves two or more features, such as “horizontal” and “green.”
Ventral attention network
A network that controls attention based on stimulus salience.
Effective connectivity
How easily activity can travel along a particular pathway between two structures.
Executive functions
A number of processes that involve controlling attention and dealing with conflicting responses.
Cognitive control
A mechanism involved in dealing with conflicting stimuli. Related to executive function, inhibitory control, and willpower.
Dorsal attention network
A network that controls attention based on top-down processing.
Synchronisation
Occurs when neural responses become synchronized in time, so positive and negative responses occur at the same time and with similar amplitudes. It has been proposed that synchronization is a mechanism responsible for enhanced effective connectivity and enhanced communication between two areas that accompany shifts of attention.
Demonstrated by Conrado Bosman and coworkers (2012).
Inhibitory control
A mechanism involved in dealing with conflicting stimuli. Related to executive function, cognitive control and willpower.
Executive attention network
A complex network that is involved in controlling executive functions.
Willpower
A mechanism involved in dealing with conflicting stimuli. Related to executive function, inhibitory control, and cognitive control.
Gray and Wedderburn
(1960) “Dear Aunt Jane” experiment, participants were told to shadow the message presented to the left ear. But they reported hearing the message “Dear Aunt Jane,” which starts in the left ear, jumps to the right ear, and then goes back to the left ear.
Who developed a test that demonstrates the distractive power of some task-irrelevant stimuli?
Stroop
Based on research, the driver’s lack of attention 3 seconds before an accident plays a role in how many traffic accidents?
more than 75%
Many students claim that they are highly skilled at multitasking. What would a cognitive psychologist call this activity?
Continuous partial attention
