long term memory - final

Question 1

priming

Answer 1

change in stimulus processing due to prior exposure to same/similar sim w/o conscious awareness
- depends on region of cortex processing relevant representations

Question 2

perceptual priming

Answer 2

• warrington and wieskrantz
• korsakoffs syndrome patients
• amnesia due to severe alcoholism
• participants improved day to day, w/o remembering precious days training
• sensory cortices

Question 3

semantic priming

Answer 3

rossel, price & Nobre

• task : lexical decision-word or non word
• unimodal & multimodal association cortices (anterior temporal, inferior parietal, prefrontal cortex)

Question 4

semantic memory (facts)

Answer 4

• world, object, and language knowledge, conceptual priming

- medial temporal lobe, middle diencephalon & neocortex

Question 5

semantic memory (parts of the brain)

Answer 5

memory for concrete word meanings activate areas of cortex involved in relevant processing

• actions: motor cortex/somatosensory cortex
• sounds: auditory cortex
• colours & movements: ventral visual stream (occipital/temporal cortex)

Question 6

sensory/functional theory

Answer 6

• organization of semantic representations based on relevant sensory and motor features
• eg. action words activate primary motor cortex
  ( lick-face, pick-arm, kick-leg)

Question 7

domain-specific theory

Answer 7

organization of semantic representation based on semantic categories

• fruit & veg: lettuce, apple
• animate living things: dog, cat, snake
• conspecifics: mom, dad, mailman

Question 8

sensory/functional VS domain-specific

Answer 8

• tools associated with actions (premotor cortex activation)

- animals associated with appearance ( posterior temporal cortex, ventral stream)

Question 9

abstract semantic knowledge

Answer 9

• involves multiple modalities
• “sports”: images, sounds, actions, etc
• distributed representations
• -> integrating hub in anterior temporal lobe

Question 10

semantic memory formation

Answer 10

• starts as episodic memory

- knowing a fact but not knowing where you learned it first ( eg. sky is blue)

Question 11

episodic memory (events)

Answer 11

• specific personal experiences from a particular time and place
• medial temporal lobe, middle diencephalon & neocortex

Question 12

encoding episodic memory

Answer 12

• PFC, PPC, HC form indices to bind ot cortical receptors
• memory of halloween party (saw sam dressed as elmo, smoky music, ate M&Ms)
• cortex represents Sam, Elmo, spooky music etc
• hippocampus binds together

Question 13

retrieval of episodic memory

Answer 13

• PFC, PPC, HC, uses indices to reinstantiate cortical representations
• e.g. memory of halloween, when sam dressed as elmo
• sam & elmo act as retrieval cues
• activates indices in HC
• activate representation of event in cortex

Question 14

role of PFC in episodic encoding & retrieval

Answer 14

important in executive control of memory processes, goal maintenance and top-down attention

Question 15

role of PPC in episodic encoding & retrieval

Answer 15

important for attention control during memory processes, including top-down and bottom-up attention

Question 16

cognitive map theory

Answer 16

• memory for spatial relationships in environment

- place cells, fire when animal is in specific location

Question 17

relational memory theory

Answer 17

• memory for associations in general

- odor association task: trained to prefer some scent over others, lesion to fornix

Question 18

subregions of the temporal lobe (3)

Answer 18

perirhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex, hippocampus

Question 19

perirhinal cortex

Answer 19

binding features of objects

Question 20

oarahippocampal cortex

Answer 20

encoding spatial layout

Question 21

hippocampus

Answer 21

encoding relationships more generally

Question 22

long term potentiation

Answer 22

increase in synaptic strength, in hippocampus

• early LTP: increase presynaptic release of NTS and # of postsynaptic receptors
• late LTP: increase # of dendritic spines and synapses

Question 23

long term depression

Answer 23

• when presynynaptic AP doesnt lead to post-synaptic AP, connection weakened
• decrease of NT released, # of receptors and synapses

Question 24

episodic retrieval: reconstruction

Answer 24

best guess based on :

memory trace, genes, past experience, internal state, environmental context

Question 25

inaccuracy of episodic retrieval due to (5)

Answer 25

• semantic relatedness
• cultural experience
• source misattributions
• pragmatic inferences
• misleading post event information

Question 26

false memory task

Answer 26

presented list of semantically related words (bed, tired, rest, awake, dream)
- recall/recognition test: words on list (tired, rest), unrelated distractors (cake, mountain), semantically related cues (sleep)

Question 27

deese, roediger, and mcdermott (false memory)

Answer 27

• related lies reported almost as often as actual words on list
• high confidence in accuracy
• often report seeing the lure word

Question 28

amnesia

Answer 28

• removal of bilateral rem portal lobes in patient
• severe anterograde amnesia (no new memory after surgery)
• temporally graded retrograde amnesia (unable to recall LTMs from right before surgery)

Question 29

why 2 memory systems?

Answer 29

hippocampus-
- learns rapidly, created distinct memories for each event, more important for episodic memories
cortex
- learns slowly, extracts generalities across events, more important for semantic memories