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psych 251 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

glia

A

non-neuronal cells in the nervous system, half of brain volume is made up of glia

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2
Q

glia functions

A

support neurons, supply neutrons with nutrients and O2, insulate neutrons from each other, protect neutrons from pathogens and clean out dead neutrons, moderate/regulate neural activity

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3
Q

astrocytes (CNS) and satellite cells (PNS)

A

structural support for neutrons, help create blood-brain barrier, provides nutrients to neutrons, modulates neural activity through repute of NTs and ion regulation

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4
Q

oligodendrocytes (CNS) and schwann cells (PNS)

A

wraps axons in myelin to insulate them and speed conduction of APs

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5
Q

ependymal cells

A

help produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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6
Q

microglia

A

macrophages that devour and digest cellular debris (phagocytosis)

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7
Q

rostral

A

nose

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8
Q

caudal

A

tail

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9
Q

anterior

A

before

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10
Q

posterior

A

after

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11
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

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12
Q

contralateral

A

opposite sides

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13
Q

unilateral

A

one side

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14
Q

bilateral

A

both sides

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15
Q

somatic division (PNS)

A

voluntary control of action, somatosensory (from skin to brain), motor (from brain to muscles)

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16
Q

autonomic division (PNS)

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic regulation of involuntary actions (heart, gut, glands, etc)

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17
Q

somatosensory neurons

A

primary sensory receptor cells of somatosensory system

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18
Q

motor neurons

A

axons from motor neurons to muscle fibers

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19
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight, increases blood flow to muscles, increases heart rate, inhibits digestion, dilates pupils

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20
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest, increases blood flow to gut facilitating digestion, constricts pupils

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21
Q

CNS protection

A

meninges (covering), CSF (cushioning), ventricles (fluid filled spaces)

22
Q

dura mater

A

thick, tough membrane (right under cranium, top layer)

23
Q

arachnoid mater

A

thin, fibrous membrane with trabeculae extending through the subarachnoid space to the pia mater

24
Q

subarachnoid space

A

filled with CSF

25
Q

pia mater

A

delicate membrane that follows the cortical surface (inner-most layer)

26
Q

telencephalon

A

cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia

27
Q

diencephalon

A

hypothalamus, thalamus

28
Q

mesencephalon

A

superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, motor nuclei

29
Q

metencephalon

A

pons, cerebellum

30
Q

myelencephalon

A

medulla

31
Q

cranial nerves

A

brain stem organized similar to spinal cord, contain afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals

32
Q

medulla

A

breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

33
Q

pons

A

balance, taste, swallowing

34
Q

midbrain

A

inferior colliculi (hearing), superior colliculi (vision and eye movements), substantial nigra (dopamine, reward learning, addiction, movement)

35
Q

subcortical structures

A

hippocampus, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum

36
Q

cerebellum

A

motor control, coordination, posture, equilibrium

37
Q

hypothalamus

A

hormone release, body temp, hunger, thirst, sleep

38
Q

thalamus

A

sensory-motor hub and relar, lateral geniculate nucleus (visual relay), medial geniculate nucleus (auditry relay)

39
Q

basal ganglia

A

putamen, caudate, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens

40
Q

striatum (caudate and putamen)

A

caudate: voluntary movement and goal-directed action
putamen: motor skills & reinforcement learning

41
Q

globus pallidus

A

regulation of voluntary movement

42
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

aversion, motivaition, pleasure, reward

43
Q

amygdala

A

emotion (eg. fear), episodic long-term memory

44
Q

hippocampus

A

episodic long-term memory, spatial navigation

45
Q

commissures

A

connections between hemispheres

46
Q

cytoarchitecture

A

gray matter 2-3mm thick, layered organization, 6 layers differing in connections, thickness, density of cell types, layer 4 (primary receiving layer, thicker in sensory cortex), layers 2, 3, 5 & 6 (sending layers, thicker in motor cortex)

47
Q

brodmann areas

A

classified regions based on cytoarchitecture, 52 areas, structural classification by functional differences

48
Q

connectome

A

the “wiring diagram” of the brain, measured using diffusion tensor/spectrum imaging

49
Q

diffusion tensor/spectrum imaging (DTI/DSI)

A

measures the strength and direction of water diffusion over time. in neurons, diffusion tends to occur along length of axon/dendrites

50
Q

tractography

A

if diffusion is round, equal. if long and stretched follow direction of diffusion

psych 251 (10 decks)

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