Chapter 2 Flashcards
glia
non-neuronal cells in the nervous system, half of brain volume is made up of glia
glia functions
support neurons, supply neutrons with nutrients and O2, insulate neutrons from each other, protect neutrons from pathogens and clean out dead neutrons, moderate/regulate neural activity
astrocytes (CNS) and satellite cells (PNS)
structural support for neutrons, help create blood-brain barrier, provides nutrients to neutrons, modulates neural activity through repute of NTs and ion regulation
oligodendrocytes (CNS) and schwann cells (PNS)
wraps axons in myelin to insulate them and speed conduction of APs
ependymal cells
help produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
microglia
macrophages that devour and digest cellular debris (phagocytosis)
rostral
nose
caudal
tail
anterior
before
posterior
after
ipsilateral
same side
contralateral
opposite sides
unilateral
one side
bilateral
both sides
somatic division (PNS)
voluntary control of action, somatosensory (from skin to brain), motor (from brain to muscles)
autonomic division (PNS)
sympathetic & parasympathetic regulation of involuntary actions (heart, gut, glands, etc)
somatosensory neurons
primary sensory receptor cells of somatosensory system
motor neurons
axons from motor neurons to muscle fibers
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight, increases blood flow to muscles, increases heart rate, inhibits digestion, dilates pupils
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest, increases blood flow to gut facilitating digestion, constricts pupils
CNS protection
meninges (covering), CSF (cushioning), ventricles (fluid filled spaces)
dura mater
thick, tough membrane (right under cranium, top layer)
arachnoid mater
thin, fibrous membrane with trabeculae extending through the subarachnoid space to the pia mater
subarachnoid space
filled with CSF
pia mater
delicate membrane that follows the cortical surface (inner-most layer)
telencephalon
cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia
diencephalon
hypothalamus, thalamus
mesencephalon
superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, motor nuclei
metencephalon
pons, cerebellum
myelencephalon
medulla
cranial nerves
brain stem organized similar to spinal cord, contain afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals
medulla
breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
pons
balance, taste, swallowing
midbrain
inferior colliculi (hearing), superior colliculi (vision and eye movements), substantial nigra (dopamine, reward learning, addiction, movement)
subcortical structures
hippocampus, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum
cerebellum
motor control, coordination, posture, equilibrium
hypothalamus
hormone release, body temp, hunger, thirst, sleep
thalamus
sensory-motor hub and relar, lateral geniculate nucleus (visual relay), medial geniculate nucleus (auditry relay)
basal ganglia
putamen, caudate, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens
striatum (caudate and putamen)
caudate: voluntary movement and goal-directed action
putamen: motor skills & reinforcement learning
globus pallidus
regulation of voluntary movement
nucleus accumbens
aversion, motivaition, pleasure, reward
amygdala
emotion (eg. fear), episodic long-term memory
hippocampus
episodic long-term memory, spatial navigation
commissures
connections between hemispheres
cytoarchitecture
gray matter 2-3mm thick, layered organization, 6 layers differing in connections, thickness, density of cell types, layer 4 (primary receiving layer, thicker in sensory cortex), layers 2, 3, 5 & 6 (sending layers, thicker in motor cortex)
brodmann areas
classified regions based on cytoarchitecture, 52 areas, structural classification by functional differences
connectome
the “wiring diagram” of the brain, measured using diffusion tensor/spectrum imaging
diffusion tensor/spectrum imaging (DTI/DSI)
measures the strength and direction of water diffusion over time. in neurons, diffusion tends to occur along length of axon/dendrites
tractography
if diffusion is round, equal. if long and stretched follow direction of diffusion
