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psych 251 > executive function - final > Flashcards

executive function - final Flashcards

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1
Q

what is executive function

A
  • not perception, action attention, LTM, language, deacon making, or emotion, but effects all of them
  • guides and coordinates all processes in service to our plans and goals
  • it is cognitive control, emotional control, executive control, self control
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2
Q

homunculus is control

A
  • stop appealing to an ill defined and circular self, central executive, or consciousness to explain goal-oriented behaviour
  • a mechanistic account of executive function in neural, psychological and computational terms
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3
Q

components of executive function

A
  • working memory maintenance( what have i tried?)
  • working memory updating (remembering previous trials)
  • inhibition of prepotent actions (don’t sort by rules seen before)
  • shifting between rules, sets, and tasks (try each rule until one works)
  • monitoring and adjusting performance (detect when rule is no longer working and adjust)
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4
Q

effect of prefrontal cortex lesions : perseveration

A
  • repetition of a particular response
  • in task: sticking with a rule when it is no longer working
  • failure of monitoring, updating, shifting
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5
Q

effect of prefrontal cortex lesions : impulsiveness

A
  • inability to stay focused on current task set
  • in task: jumping between rules in a disorganized way
  • failure of maintenance, inhibition
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6
Q

oculomotor delayed response, task

A
  • performed by monkeys
  • single-cell recording in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
  • responses of a single DLPFC neuron differ for cue locations
  • spatial tuning curves for 4 different DLPFC neurons during delay period
  • DLPFC fires in correct trials, and less in error trials, especially in cue locations
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7
Q

DLPFC : working memory maintenance

A
  • is DLPFC delay period activity necessary for memory performance?
  • create focal lesions in unilateral left DLPFC
  • 2 tasks: oculomotor delayed response (memory) and visually guided saccade task (control)
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8
Q

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex neurons

A
  • delay period activity
  • directionally tunes
  • lasts for duration of delay
  • predicts memory performance
  • damage to specific neurons impairs short term memory for corresponding locations
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9
Q

stroop task

A

read either word or name ink colour

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10
Q

stroop effect

A
  • when colour words and ink colours conflict, colour words are much harder to ignore than ink colours
  • hard b/c more practice with word reading than colour naming
  • overcome : inhibition of prepotent response
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11
Q

stroop network model

A
  • neural network model layers
  • visual perception
  • perceptual-motor mapping
  • verbal response
  • goal maintenance/cognitive control
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12
Q

how is inhibition implemented?

A
  • goal representations maintained in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex provide top-down biasing of perceptual-motor mappings
  • working memory provides the signal
  • inhibition is the effect
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13
Q

eriksen flanker task

A
  • respond to the central letter surrounded by flankers
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14
Q

flanker effect

A

incongruent trials are slower than congruent trials

- require top-down control

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15
Q

gratton effect

A

the flanker effect is smaller after incongruent trials than after congruent trials
- when need-for-control detected on previous trial, more control is applied on current trial

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16
Q

ACC performance monitoring

A
  • monitors performance: detects errors, detects response conflict, signals need for control to DLPFC
  • other roles: signals prediction error, selects among possible actions
17
Q

orbital frontal cortex: value based control

A
  • integrates value single from multiple sources: DLPFC (task relevance), Amygdala (reward value), Insula (anticipated outcome)
  • uses resulting call-signal to guide goal-oriented behaviour
18
Q

1-2-AX task

A
  • see sequence of letters and digits
  • press left button for each except
  • press right button for X preceded by A, if most recent number was 1
  • press right button for Y preceded by B, is most recent number was 2
19
Q

model of executive basal ganglia loop

A

1-2-AX task

  • need to maintain multiple items (1, 2, A, B)
  • update specific items
  • ignore other items
  • use memory to control performance
  • learn when/what to maintain, store, ignore, forget
20
Q

basal ganglia: learning to control from reinforcement

A
  • basal ganglia uses dopamine-based reinforcement learning to learn when to take actions
  • working memory updating = internally -directed action selection
  • basal ganglia helps PFC learn when and how to apply executive control
21
Q

rostral/caudal: abstraction

A
  • rostral PFC: complex, abstract, long timeframe

- caudal PFC: simple, concrete, short timeframe

22
Q

rostral/caudal: abstraction alley-oop example

A 
rostral
- what sport am i playing? (basketball)
- what position am i playing? (forward)
- what play are we running? (alley-oop)
Caudal
What do i need to do next? (JUMP)
23
Q

ventral/dorsal: what and why VS where and how

A

ventral PFC: what, why, meaning oriented

dorsal PFC: where, how, action oriented

24
Q

ventral/dorsal: alley-oop example

A

Ventral
- what am i doing and why? ( on offence, need to put ball through hoop to score)
Dorsal
- how do i do it, and where should i be? ( approaching basket, catch ball at apex, slam it through hoop)

25
Q

medial/lateral: emotion vs cognition

A 
Medial PFC: 
- hot/effective/motivation
- value based
- internal/body-oriented
Lateral PFC
- Cold/cognitive/rules
- feature based
- external/environment oriented
26
Q

medial/lateral: alley-oop example

A 
Medial: why do i care?
- need to score to win
- don't want to make a mistake
- completing an alley-oop feels good
Lateral: why is this right play?
- position of players allows it
- high-percentage shot
- quick play needed due to shot clock
27
Q

cognitive processes

A

-perception, action, attention, LTM, language, decision making, executive function

28
Q

brain areas

A
  • sensory cortex, motor cortex, association cortex, pre-frontal cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum

psych 251 (10 decks)

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