5. Attention Flashcards
1
Q
attention
A
- the marshalling of cognitive processing resources on a particular aspect of the external or internal environment, or internal processes (memories, thoughts)
2
Q
arousal
A
- global state of the brain reflecting an overall level of responsiveness
- degree of intensity of an emotion
3
Q
visual spatial attention
A
- attention directed to a location in visual space
4
Q
covert attention
A
- does not involve actual movement; looking out of the corner of the eye, eavesdropping
5
Q
overt attention
A
- involved actual movement of the sensory surface; moving eyes, directing ear
6
Q
early selection
A
- a model of attention that attentional mechanisms can selectively filter out or attenuate irrelevant sensory input at an early processing stage before the completion of sensory and perceptual analysis
7
Q
late selection
A
- theory of attention that all stimuli are processed through the completion of sensory and perceptual analysis before any selection of influence of attention occurs
8
Q
endogenous attention
A
- in the mind, voluntary, intentional
- top down
9
Q
exogenous attention
A
- also called reflexive attention
- processing resources are directed to specific aspects of the environment in response to a sudden stimulus change like a loud noise to sudden movement
- attracts attention automatically
- bottom up
10
Q
inhibition of return
A
- a phenomenon in a exogenously cued spatial attention paradigm that is apparent as a slower behavioural response to a target stimulus presented at the cued location later than 300ms after the cue
11
Q
brainstem evokes responses
A
- series of small electrical waves elicited during the first 10ms after onset of a breed auditory stimulus
12
Q
attentional stream paradigm
A
- a paradigm use in attention research in which two or more segregated series of stimuli are presented in parallel and subjects selectively attend to one of the series to perform a task
13
Q
auditory N1
A
- the first negative ERP wave elicited by an auditory stimulus
- arises mainly from secondary auditory cortex
- peaks 100ms after stimulus
14
Q
P300/P3
A
- large positive ERP wave elicited by stimuli that are surprising, infrequent, or task-relevant targets
- peaks 300-500ms after stimulus
15
Q
P20-50 attention affect
A
- an enhanced positive-polarity ERP wave elicited by an attended auditory stimulus, occurring between 20-50ms after stimulus
16
Q
mismatch negativity (MMN)
A
- negative ERP wave peaking at 150-200 ms following a deviant stimulus in a stream of otherwise identical stimuli (usually sound)
17
Q
biased competition
A
- a theory of attention that proposes that stimulus inputs compete in a mutually inhibitory fashion for neural processing priority and that a key role of attention is to bias the processing towards those items that are attended
18
Q
reentrant process
A
- following a stimulus or event a process in which neural activity is fed back to the same brain region activated earlier in the processing sequence
19
Q
perceptual load
A
- the level of processing difficulty of a task being performed by an individual, measured by the time it takes for the analysis of the stimuli
20
Q
processing negativity
A
- a slow, long-lasting negative ERP wave elicited during auditory selective attention, the amplitude of which reflects how well each stimulus matches an attentional template
21
Q
selection negativity
A
- a slow, sustained, negative ERP wave starting 150ms after an attended visual stimulus, resulting from attention to a non spatial visual feature of the stimulus
22
Q
feature similarity gain model
A
- a model in which the attentional modulation of the amplitude gain of a sensory neutrons response depends on the similarity of the features of the currently relevant target and the feature preferences of that neuron
23
Q
visual search
A
- the searching in a visual scene with multiple stimulus items for a particular type of item possessing one or more specific feature attributes
24
Q
supramodal attention
A
- the focussing of attention on stimulus information across multiple modalities at the same time
25
Q
multisensory integration
A
- the combining of sensor info from different sensory modalities, facilitating the linking of that info together into one perceptual object
26
Q
premotor theory of attention
A
- a cognitive theory proposing that shifts of attention and preparation of goal-directed action ar closely linked because they are controlled by shard sensory-mort mechanisms
27
Q
pop-out stimuli
A
- an item in a visual scene that differs from all of the other items in the scene.
- the time taken to find the pop-out stimulus is independent of the number of distractor items, detection must be accomplished by processing all other items in the field
28
Q
conjunction target
A
- a target in a visual each task that is characterized by having a unique combination of 2 visual features.
- its detection is thought to require serial focused attention to each item until the target is found
29
Q
feature integration theory
A
- a model of attention stating the visual perceptual system is organized as a set of feature maps, each providing info about the location in the visual field of a particular feature
- attention is required to integrate the feature info from these separate maps into a perceptual whole
30
Q
binding problem
A
- the neural and cognitive processing problem by which the multiple features of an object are integrates together to yield a single perceptual object.
31
Q
illusory comjunctions
A
- a perceptual process in which sensory features from different objects in a scene are falsely received as being part of the same object
32
Q
guided search
A
- a cognitive model positing that there are 2 basic components that determine that allocation of the attention during visual search
: a component driven by stimulus (bottom-up) info and one driven by top-down influences based on high level factors and behavioural goals
33
Q
saliency maps
A
- a theoretical concept of visual attention in which the importance of different stimuli in the visual field is set by a combination of top down and bottom up processing
34
Q
N2pc wave
A
- a negative ERP wave elicited by the detection of a pop-out stimulus target in a visual search array, though to reshift/refocus attention
- peaks around 250ms follow presentation of stimulus
35
Q
default-mode network
A
- a network of the brain that includes the posterior cingulate cortex, ventral anterior cingulate cortex, and the medial inferior prefrontal cortex
- proposed to be engages when the brain is either idling, not engaged, or directing attention internally
36
Q
reticular activating system
A
- a region in the brainstem containing a set of subregions that mediate overall arousal and level of awareness
37
Q
locus coeruleus
A
- a small adrenergic nucleus in the rostral brainstem that projects widely in the brain, plays a role in the sleep-waking cycles, mediating alertness, and attention
38
Q
raphe nucleus
A
- brainstem nuclei involved in the control of the sleep-waking cycle, among other functions related to arousal
39
Q
consciousness
A
- an intriguing but puzzling concept that includes the ideas of wakefulness, awareness of the world, and awareness of the self as an actor in the world
40
Q
awareness
A
- a cognitive/perceptual state in which an individual both shows knowledge of an event or stimulus and can report the subjective experience of having that knowledge
41
Q
self-awareness
A
- an awareness of oneself as a separate actor in the world
42
Q
binocular rivalry
A
- the bi-stable visual experience that occurs when the right and left eyes are presented with incompatible or conflicting images and the visual perception alternates between the 2 images every few seconds
43
Q
blindsight
A
- the ability of people are are blind, usually because of damage to portions of their visual cortex, to identify the properties of simple visual stimuli when forced to guess
44
Q
transient vs sustained
A
transient : momentary focus on something
sustained : prolonged focus on something
45
Q
selective vs divided
A
selective : focus on one thing to the exclusion of others
divided : try to focus on multiple things simultaneously
46
Q
change blindness
A
changes in a picture or scene over time are not immediately apparent if not attended to
- flicker paradigm
