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psych 251 > 5. Attention > Flashcards

5. Attention Flashcards

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1
Q

attention

A
  • the marshalling of cognitive processing resources on a particular aspect of the external or internal environment, or internal processes (memories, thoughts)
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2
Q

arousal

A
  • global state of the brain reflecting an overall level of responsiveness
  • degree of intensity of an emotion
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3
Q

visual spatial attention

A
  • attention directed to a location in visual space
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4
Q

covert attention

A
  • does not involve actual movement; looking out of the corner of the eye, eavesdropping
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5
Q

overt attention

A
  • involved actual movement of the sensory surface; moving eyes, directing ear
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6
Q

early selection

A
  • a model of attention that attentional mechanisms can selectively filter out or attenuate irrelevant sensory input at an early processing stage before the completion of sensory and perceptual analysis
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7
Q

late selection

A
  • theory of attention that all stimuli are processed through the completion of sensory and perceptual analysis before any selection of influence of attention occurs
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8
Q

endogenous attention

A
  • in the mind, voluntary, intentional

- top down

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9
Q

exogenous attention

A
  • also called reflexive attention
  • processing resources are directed to specific aspects of the environment in response to a sudden stimulus change like a loud noise to sudden movement
  • attracts attention automatically
  • bottom up
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10
Q

inhibition of return

A
  • a phenomenon in a exogenously cued spatial attention paradigm that is apparent as a slower behavioural response to a target stimulus presented at the cued location later than 300ms after the cue
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11
Q

brainstem evokes responses

A
  • series of small electrical waves elicited during the first 10ms after onset of a breed auditory stimulus
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12
Q

attentional stream paradigm

A
  • a paradigm use in attention research in which two or more segregated series of stimuli are presented in parallel and subjects selectively attend to one of the series to perform a task
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13
Q

auditory N1

A
  • the first negative ERP wave elicited by an auditory stimulus
  • arises mainly from secondary auditory cortex
  • peaks 100ms after stimulus
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14
Q

P300/P3

A
  • large positive ERP wave elicited by stimuli that are surprising, infrequent, or task-relevant targets
  • peaks 300-500ms after stimulus
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15
Q

P20-50 attention affect

A
  • an enhanced positive-polarity ERP wave elicited by an attended auditory stimulus, occurring between 20-50ms after stimulus
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16
Q

mismatch negativity (MMN)

A
  • negative ERP wave peaking at 150-200 ms following a deviant stimulus in a stream of otherwise identical stimuli (usually sound)
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17
Q

biased competition

A
  • a theory of attention that proposes that stimulus inputs compete in a mutually inhibitory fashion for neural processing priority and that a key role of attention is to bias the processing towards those items that are attended
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18
Q

reentrant process

A
  • following a stimulus or event a process in which neural activity is fed back to the same brain region activated earlier in the processing sequence
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19
Q

perceptual load

A
  • the level of processing difficulty of a task being performed by an individual, measured by the time it takes for the analysis of the stimuli
20
Q

processing negativity

A
  • a slow, long-lasting negative ERP wave elicited during auditory selective attention, the amplitude of which reflects how well each stimulus matches an attentional template
21
Q

selection negativity

A
  • a slow, sustained, negative ERP wave starting 150ms after an attended visual stimulus, resulting from attention to a non spatial visual feature of the stimulus
22
Q

feature similarity gain model

A
  • a model in which the attentional modulation of the amplitude gain of a sensory neutrons response depends on the similarity of the features of the currently relevant target and the feature preferences of that neuron
23
Q

visual search

A
  • the searching in a visual scene with multiple stimulus items for a particular type of item possessing one or more specific feature attributes
24
Q

supramodal attention

A
  • the focussing of attention on stimulus information across multiple modalities at the same time
25
Q

multisensory integration

A
  • the combining of sensor info from different sensory modalities, facilitating the linking of that info together into one perceptual object
26
Q

premotor theory of attention

A
  • a cognitive theory proposing that shifts of attention and preparation of goal-directed action ar closely linked because they are controlled by shard sensory-mort mechanisms
27
Q

pop-out stimuli

A
  • an item in a visual scene that differs from all of the other items in the scene.
  • the time taken to find the pop-out stimulus is independent of the number of distractor items, detection must be accomplished by processing all other items in the field
28
Q

conjunction target

A
  • a target in a visual each task that is characterized by having a unique combination of 2 visual features.
  • its detection is thought to require serial focused attention to each item until the target is found
29
Q

feature integration theory

A
  • a model of attention stating the visual perceptual system is organized as a set of feature maps, each providing info about the location in the visual field of a particular feature
  • attention is required to integrate the feature info from these separate maps into a perceptual whole
30
Q

binding problem

A
  • the neural and cognitive processing problem by which the multiple features of an object are integrates together to yield a single perceptual object.
31
Q

illusory comjunctions

A
  • a perceptual process in which sensory features from different objects in a scene are falsely received as being part of the same object
32
Q

guided search

A
  • a cognitive model positing that there are 2 basic components that determine that allocation of the attention during visual search
    : a component driven by stimulus (bottom-up) info and one driven by top-down influences based on high level factors and behavioural goals
33
Q

saliency maps

A
  • a theoretical concept of visual attention in which the importance of different stimuli in the visual field is set by a combination of top down and bottom up processing
34
Q

N2pc wave

A
  • a negative ERP wave elicited by the detection of a pop-out stimulus target in a visual search array, though to reshift/refocus attention
  • peaks around 250ms follow presentation of stimulus
35
Q

default-mode network

A
  • a network of the brain that includes the posterior cingulate cortex, ventral anterior cingulate cortex, and the medial inferior prefrontal cortex
  • proposed to be engages when the brain is either idling, not engaged, or directing attention internally
36
Q

reticular activating system

A
  • a region in the brainstem containing a set of subregions that mediate overall arousal and level of awareness
37
Q

locus coeruleus

A
  • a small adrenergic nucleus in the rostral brainstem that projects widely in the brain, plays a role in the sleep-waking cycles, mediating alertness, and attention
38
Q

raphe nucleus

A
  • brainstem nuclei involved in the control of the sleep-waking cycle, among other functions related to arousal
39
Q

consciousness

A
  • an intriguing but puzzling concept that includes the ideas of wakefulness, awareness of the world, and awareness of the self as an actor in the world
40
Q

awareness

A
  • a cognitive/perceptual state in which an individual both shows knowledge of an event or stimulus and can report the subjective experience of having that knowledge
41
Q

self-awareness

A
  • an awareness of oneself as a separate actor in the world
42
Q

binocular rivalry

A
  • the bi-stable visual experience that occurs when the right and left eyes are presented with incompatible or conflicting images and the visual perception alternates between the 2 images every few seconds
43
Q

blindsight

A
  • the ability of people are are blind, usually because of damage to portions of their visual cortex, to identify the properties of simple visual stimuli when forced to guess
44
Q

transient vs sustained

A

transient : momentary focus on something

sustained : prolonged focus on something

45
Q

selective vs divided

A

selective : focus on one thing to the exclusion of others

divided : try to focus on multiple things simultaneously

46
Q

change blindness

A

changes in a picture or scene over time are not immediately apparent if not attended to
- flicker paradigm

psych 251 (10 decks)

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