long term memory

Question 1

what are the different phases of memory

Answer 1

encoding

storage

retrieval

consolidation

reconsolidation

Question 2

what is a memory trace?

Answer 2

physical record of memories in brain

Question 3

what are maintenance and elaborative rehearsal

Answer 3

maintenance:
- rehearsing over and over
- keeps it in working memory for a while
- not very effective at transferring to LTM

elaborative:
- think about them continually
- relate to things that are already known

Question 4

what is the level of processing theory

Answer 4

cognitive model that describes how the depth of mental processing affects recall

deepest level = more words remembered

therefore, understanding is key to remembering, and deep processing may help to form connections with other information

learning is better if you create the questions yourself

shallow (e.g., is word capital letters)

deeper (sound)

deepest (meaning)

Question 5

what is the self reference effect

Answer 5

words heard with a self-referencing question were remembered 3 times more often

using question to make connections to our own life creates more cues for retrieval

Question 6

what is the multiple trace theory

Answer 6

idea that making connections with other information gives us multiple memory traces, and therefore multiple ways to retrieve the word

Question 7

what are declarative memories and non declarative memories

Answer 7

declarative - available to conscious (e.g., words and their meaning)

non declarative - generally not available to conscious (e.g., motor skills)

Question 8

what is the spacing effect

Answer 8

spaced presentations may be rehearsed more (but spacing is beneficial in incidental learning)

spaced presentations may be better attended

contextual info is stored with an item. items spaced widely apart should have more distinct contextual associations, and therefore have more retrieval routes

spacing creates a desirable difficulty

Question 9

spacing creates desirable difficulty. what is this?

Answer 9

makes learning more difficult and slower, which induces more durable and flexible encoding strategies

Question 10

what is context reinstatement (e.g., Godden and Baddeley)

Answer 10

recall of memories is better when the method of recall relies on information that was processed during encoding

e.g., Godden and Baddeley - underwater learning, more likely to remember words in similar environment

Question 11

cues

Answer 11

if you generate cues yourself, more likely to recall correctly

Question 12

neural basis of explicit memory (brain areas linked to memory)

Answer 12

basal forebrain
thalamus
neocortex
prefrontal cortex
amygdala
rhinal cortex
hippocampus

Question 13

what are retrograde and anterograde amnesia

Answer 13

retrograde: inability to remember past

anterograde: inability to form new memories

Question 14

what are the theories of the role of the hippocampus

Answer 14

• storage site for memory
• consolidate new memories
• plays the role of librarian for memories
• responsible for tagging memories with respect to context (location and time)

Question 15

neural basis for implicit memory (brain areas)

Answer 15

• basal ganglia
• premotor cortex
• thalamus
• substantial nigra

Question 16

mirror tracing and HM

Answer 16

HM showed normal improvement in memory tracing task, despite not having the memory of learning it