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Bio and Gen > Brain and Nervous system > Flashcards

Brain and Nervous system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are efferent neurones?

A
  • exit the brain
  • carry impulses away from CNS to the muscles and glands
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2
Q

what are afferent neurones?

A
  • carry information from sense organs to the CNS
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3
Q

what are the different directions when referring to the body?

A

superior = top
inferior = bottom

anterior/ventral = front
posterior/dorsal = back

cephalic = towards the brain
caudal = towards the bottom

medial = middle
lateral = towards the outside

proximal = towards the trunk (e.g., shoulder, hips)
distal = away from the trunk (e.g., hands and feet)

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4
Q

what are the directions when referring to the brain?

A

superior/dorsal = top
inferior/ventral = bottom

anterior = front
posterior = back

coronal = frontal section

sagittal = middle section

axial = horizontal section

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5
Q

what does the corpus callosum do?

A

connects the two hemispheres of the brain

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6
Q

what is the difference between suclus and gyrus? (infolding of the cortical sheet)

A

gyrus = crowns of folded tissue on the surface

sulcus = crevice

  • if sulcus is deep, it is called a fissure
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7
Q

what were the early ideas on the brain

A
  • originally believed to release heat
  • no feeling in the brain, so it was assumed to be unimportant
  • early scientists believed the brain interacted with the soul through the pineal gland
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8
Q

what is gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy

A

gross = overall structures, can be seen by eye

microscopic = cellular, connections between cells

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9
Q

what makes up the CNS?

A

cerebrum = touch, vision, hearing, speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, fine control movements

cerebellum = co-ordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, balance

brain stem = relay centre connecting cerebrum and cerebellum, unconscious actions such as breathing/heartrate

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10
Q

what does the amygdala do?

A
  • role in emotions
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11
Q

what is contralateral representation

A

information seen by left eye is processed by the right side of the brain, and vice versa

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12
Q

what is a microcircuit

A

localised interconnected neurones

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13
Q

what is the central sulcus?

A

separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe

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14
Q

what is the sylvian fissure?

A

separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

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15
Q

what are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord

  • acts as a control centre

PNS (peripheral nervous system) - nerves and ganglia, which are clumps of nerve cell bodies

  • gives and receives information to and from the CNS
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16
Q

what is the difference between grey matter and white matter

A

apart from their physical difference in colour:

  • white matter consists of axons and glial cells
  • lipid myelin sheaths on axons cause white colour
  • grey matter consists of neuronal cell bodies
17
Q

what is a commissure, and give an example

A

axons may project from one cerebral hemisphere to the other in bundles that are called commissures

e.g., corpus callosum

18
Q

what is the purpose of the folds in the cortex

A
  • enables more cortical surface to be packed into the skull
  • brings far apart neurone closer together (gyri are much closer together when folded than if they were flat
19
Q

what is the purpose of the parieto-occipital sulcus

A

separates the occipital lobe from the parietal and temporal lobes

20
Q

what is the hemispheric/longitudinal fissure?

A

separates the two hemispheres

21
Q

what is cytoarchitectonics?

A
  • translates to cell architecture
  • uses the micro-anatomy of cells and their organisation to subdivide the cortex
22
Q

what are the two main functional subdivisions of the frontal lobe?

A

pre-frontal cortex

motor cortex

23
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

receives sensory information about touch, pain, temperature, limb position via receptor cells on the skin

24
Q

what is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

hearing

25
Q
A

Bio and Gen (8 decks)

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